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Class 

Book 

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COFVRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

1689-1789 



■j^^y^ 




George Washington. 



(From a photogravure of the Stuart Portrait finished at Philadelphia, in the spring of 1706. 
Copyrighted 1S93 by A. W. Klson Co., Boston.) 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF 
WARFARE 

1689-1789 

HOW THE NATION WAS BORN 

BY 

MARGUERITE STOCKMAN DICKSON 

AUTHOR OF "from THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW" 




N£fa gork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 

1904 

All rights reserved 



t-' 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 
APR 13 1904 

Copyright Entry 

i^|\J^./ 2- loi 0^ 
CLASS it XXo. Na 

COPY 



'335^ 



Copyright, 1904, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up, electrotyped, and published April, 1904. 



Nottoooti JItfga 

J. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



TO 

pig 3Ltttle Son 
WALLACE GALLTSON DICKSON 

HOPING THAT HE MAY POSSESS THAT INTELLIGENT PATRIOTISM 

WITHOUT WHICH THE CITIZENS OF OUR REPUBLIC 

CAN NEVER MAKE IT 

WHAT OUR FOREFATHERS DREAMED 



PREFACE 

This book — the story of the struggles which pre- 
ceded and which brought about the birth of our American 
nation — is offered to the grammar school children of the 
country in the hope that it ma}^ help them to understand 
" how it all came about." The period is truly one of war- 
fare — in camp and on battle field, in legislative halls and 
assemblies of the populace. The author has, however, 
striven to avoid the " drum and trumpet style " of telling 
the story, and has kept ever before her the necessity of 
telling why as the most important thing. 

The criticism that the book gives too much space to 
picturesque incident may be made. The author, however, 
looks upon these incidents as the strongest nails upon 
which to hang historical facts. No story has been told 
simply for its own sake. A taste for historical reading is, 
after all, the most valuable gift we can bestow upon our 
youthful student of history. Having given him that, we 
may safely leave the rest to him. 

As in the earlier book of the series, no effort has been 
spared to make the book a valuable tool in the hands of 
the teacher. The distinctive features of the earlier vol- 
ume — Things to Remember, Things to Read, and Things 
to Do — have been retained, and a simple outline for note- 



vm PREFACE 

book work has been added. Word lists, book' lists, and 
picture lists also serve the teacher whose time is more 
than full. 

I acknowledge gratefully the help I have received from 
various sources. I would thank, especially, Professor 
Ferguson of Trinity College, who very kindly read the 
proof. It is only fair to Professor Ferguson, however, to 
say that he is in no way responsible for the plan of the 
book. I must extend my thanks also to Mr. Lawton L. 
Walton for his work in obtaining the illustrations ; to my 
publishers for their liberality in giving the book an attrac- 
tive setting ; to the librarian of the Hartford Public 
Library ; and to my husband, who has given me the con- 
stant benefit of criticism and suggestion, as well as the 
very material aid rendered by sketching all the maps for 
the book. 

MARGUERITE STOCKMAN DICKSON. 



CONTENTS 



I. Foreword 

IT. The Wealth of an Undeveloped Country 

III. English Colonies and Colonists . 

IV. Life in New France 

V. A Glance at England and France 

VI. American Echoes of European Wars . 

VII. Rivals in the Great Valley 

VIII. A Great Disaster 

IX. Acadian Exile and European War 

X. With Wolfe at Quebec 

XI. Looking beyond the Treaty .... 

XII. The Shadow of War 

XIII. A King who wished to be a Real King 

XIV. Redcoats in Boston 

XV. Tea and a Tea Party 

XVI. The War Cloud Gathers .... 

XVII. The Storm Breaks 

XVIII. Congress in Philadelphia — War in Boston 

XIX. Cutting the Colonies in Two 

XX. Some Holiday Happenings in New Jersey . 

XXI. The British Plan for 1777 .... 

ix 



PAGE 
1 

3 

8 

20 

27 

33 

46 

53 

60 

66 

75 

79 

88 

94 

101 

108 

115 

129 

141 

1.51 

163 



X CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

XXII. In the Valley of the Mohawk 171 

XXIII. The End of the Plan 176 

XXIV. Another Side of War 182 

XXV. Battles on Land and Sea 192 

XXVI. An American Mouse-trap and a British Mouse . 206 

XXVII. Peace 221 

XXVIII. The League of Friendship 226 

XXIX. The Years of Weakness 229 

XXX. Building the Constitution 235 

XXXI. In the Hands of the People 243 

XXXII. Afterword 249 

Outline for Notebook Work 251 

Difficult Words selected from the Text 256 

Chronological Chart of the Struggle between England 

AND France in America 261 

Chronological Chart of the Struggle for Independence 

AND the Critical Period 262 

Book List 266 

Picture List 269 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

The plan of this book is essentially that of the pre- 
ceding book of the series, " From the Old World to the 
New." It is intended to serve as a foundation study 
of the period it covers, presenting as far as possible a 
narrative which shall interest the child, and awaken in 
him that enthusiasm which will take delight in building 
around the story the endless detail of incident, picture, 
and biography. 

Every effort has been made to render the l^ook useful 
and easy for the busy teacher to use. While it is evident 
that no plan can meet exactly the requirements of classes 
which exist under widely varying conditions, it is be- 
lieved that the same framework should be applicable to 
all. Therefore the book follows a plan. In one sense 
it is primarily a reading book, since it assumes that the 
study of each chapter will begin with the reading of 
the chapter by the class. To make this reading profit- 
able it must be easy reading, thought-getting, rather than 
the stumbling effort of the word-getting class. The list 
of " Difficult Words selected from the Text," found at 
the end of the volume, as well as the words selected for 
definition work under the "Things to Do" at the end 
of each chapter, will be found most useful in preparing 



Xll SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

a class for true thought-getting. The uses to which 
these Hsts may be put will be obvious to the thoughtful 
teacher. 

Finding that a slight misapprehension of the purpose 
of the '"Things to Remember" has existed in some minds 
in regard to the earlier book, I take this opportunity of 
stating that in neither volume are they intended for 
memorizing. They summarize the facts of the chapter, 
and place in convenient form the essentials of the sub- 
ject studied. If after the work on the chapter has been 
carefully done, the pupil does not remember these essen- 
tials without mechanically memorizing the words, the 
task of memorizing will help him not at all. Don't 
make him "hate history" by commanding that he "learn" 
words. 

The " Things to Read," as in the preceding book, make 
no pretense of covering the ground fully. There are 
hundreds of books upon the period, most of which would 
yield something of profit or pleasure to teacher or pupil. 
I have made no references to the numerous school his- 
tories, since these are easily available to most teachers, 
and are, in most cases, so fully supplied^ with marginal 
and paragraph headings that no references are needed. 
Every teacher should be supplied with the standard text- 
books on the subject, and should encourage their use in 
her class ; in this way supplementary facts may be gained 
and comparisons instituted, since no two of our text-book 
writers approach the subject in the same way. 

In the merely suggestive lists given in this book, the 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS xiii 

books mentioned care in most cases written for children, 
and so fully Avitliin their comprehension. The exceptions 
are the works of Parkman, those of John Fiske, Lodge's 
" Story of the Revolution," and a few others of like 
nature, to which careful references have been made. 
These references are much fewer than they might have 
been, — than they are in most school histories, — in 
accordance with the author's belief that large portions 
of these books are beyond the understanding of the 
child of the seventh or eighth grade, and that an attempt 
to read these portions will result only in confusion and 
discouragement. The vivid and picturesque descriptions 
of these writers he can understand. Their clear reason- 
ing from cause to effect is sometimes perfectly suited to 
his needs. Their philosophical discussions, their analo- 
gies founded upon facts of which he has no knowledge, 
their exposition of the theories of government, should be 
left for his teacher. 

And let me say here, as has been already said so many 
times, that no teacher of any period of history should fail 
to catch the inspiration to be found in a careful reading 
of the masterpieces of historical literature which bear 
upon that period. Let me even say, as I heard a lecturer 
say not long ago to a body of teachers, " No teacher has 
a rigid to go before her class to teach the history of the 
French in America without having read Parkman." We 
mnst educate our children out of the idea that their 
text-book is " the book " on the subject. They must see 
that the text-book only points the way to the higher 



XIV SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

authorities, and that they in their turn are only seekers 
after the truth. And nowhere can this good work be 
better begun than in the mind of the teacher. Search 
the pubHc libraries for yourselves and for your children. 
Send the children there to read, or bring the books to 
them in the class room. Read to them what they cannot 
get for themselves. Translate the occasional hard word, 
— the historian will forgive you in a good cause. Tell 
them in simple words " what Parkman says " or " what 
Fiske thinks," if the passage is all too ditticult to bear 
reading. Help them to find the stories, which, founded 
upon the "days of old," are just as thrilling and just 
as satisfying to child nature as the " penny dreadful " 
which causes you so much anxiety. Do all tliis, for 
your cliildren must read if they are ever to know of, or 
care for, the noble deeds of our fathers. 

The "Things to Do" are along the same lines as those 
of the earlier l)Ook, with the addition of certain questions 
for class discussion which will be found followini>: most 
of the chapters. These have not been suggested as 
" Subjects for Debate," since it seems important to learn 
first to form opinions before we try to formulate them 
for such a purpose. Thoughtfully, informally " talking- 
over " a subject has great possibilities. We may even 
succeed in sliglitly curbing the habit of '-jumping at 
conclusions" to whicli w(! as a nation are so prone. 

Collecting pictures is always a help in awakening 
interest. Writing compositions, in class, will prove in- 
valuable if carefully done, and done only after the neces- 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS xv 

sary knowledge has been acquired. " Doing something," 
in almost any form, will serve the same end, — that of 
strengthening fleeting impressions into positive knowledge. 
The plan for notebook work is first introduced in this 
book. It can be made profitable. It may be worse than 
useless. Occasional suggestions as to the work are in- 
serted in brackets with the outline. Where there are no 
suggestions the pupil may, with the teacher's approval, 
be left somewhat free to make his notes as seems best 
to him. But I cannot fail to urge upon him, through 
you, his teacher, '• be brief." A notebook is not a his- 
tory. Notes should never escape the '' boiling down " 
process. And let me urge also that the work be neatly 
done. A slovenly notebook on any subject does positive 
harm to any pupil. Frequent overlooking, on the part 
of the teacher, — not in long hours after school, but 
while the work is being done, — is necessary. In repro- 
ducing maps for the notebook, the outline of maps in this 
volume may be readily transferred by the use of tracing 
paper or tissue paper, without injury to the book. Maps 
finished in ink are neater in appearance than those in 
pencil, as also those colored with water color are pref- 
erable to those where crayon is used. But maps of some 
kind seem to me essential in explaining many of the 
whys which are unintelligible without them. 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

1689-1789 




120° Lun^itutle 110" West 100' from 90 Greenwich 



America Two Cexttries aktek its l)isr<)\ ki;v. 



A HUNDKED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Two centuries had passed since Columbus caught his 
first glimpse of the New World. It was no longer a world 
unknown to the people of Europe ; no longer a world 
inhabited only by roving tribes of red men. Who were 
the new people in tliis western land ? Where and how 
did they live ? What sort of people were they ? These 
are the questions we must ask ourselves, and for which we 
must find answers, before we can understand the " hun- 
dred years of warfare " which our title tells us this book 
is to describe. 

We must remember that, in spite of two centuries of 
colony-making, a large part of the New World was still 
unsettled, and even unknown. Few, if any, of the Eng- 
lish settlers had passed beyond tlie natural wall formed by 
the Allegheny Mountains. The English territory was but 
a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast. The 
French, as we have already learned, were few in number 
compared with the English, and though they claimed most 
of the interior of the continent, had made few settlements 
except on the St. Lawrence. The Swedes had lost their 
little territory to the Dutch, and the Dutch in turn had 



2 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

been obliged to give up theirs to the English. Spain, 
although she had at one time or another laid claim to 
most of the continent, had explored but little of it, and 
there were but two Spanish settlements of any importance 
— St. Augustine and Santa Fe. 

A struggle for the continent was at hand, and in this 
struggle the English and the French were to be the chief 
actors. It is in them, therefore, and the part of the 
continent they had settled that we are at present most 
interested. 



II 



THE WEALTH OF AN UNDEVELOPED COUNTRY 



We know, or we think we know, our country so well 
— we are so accustomed to thinking of its wonderful 
resources, its wealth, and its suitability for nianj^ and 
varied industries — -that it is a little hard for us to see 
it with the eyes 
of the early set- 
tlers. Much of 
the continent, 
as we have al- 
ready said, was 
unknown to 
them ; but they 
had seen enough 
to realize that 
here were opportunities for enterprising men to find 
wealth in the wilderness. 

First of all, in size — as the size of North America 
began to be realized vaguely by the people — it was truly 
a great land. Here was territory in which France, or 
Germany, or any country of Europe might he almost lost. 
And, because of its size, here were climates to suit the 

3 




Srr j^i^^-^ 



Corn. 




120° Longitucle nO° ^Vest ino" from 90° Greenwich so' 



eOHMAV « CO., N.Y. 



Resource Map. 



THE WEALTH OF AN UNDEVELOPED COUNTRY 5 

tastes of the most diverse of people : Canada, cold and 
snowy, yet abounding in wealth for the hardy fortune 
seeker; Georgia and Florida, sunny, almost tropical, and 
presenting attractions to those who loved an easier life ; 
between, all the -varying degrees of heat and cold found 
in a temperate clime. 




Forest showing Trees Valiaule for Timher. 



And again, as the climate varied, there varied too the 
products of this wonderful New World. There were furs 
in Canada, cotton in the south, tobacco and Indian corn in 
the middle portion, with great forests of valuable tim- 
ber almost everywhere. Nor were these all. There were 
great tracts of rich land, — fertile river valleys, — where 
the crops of Europe might be taught to flourish ; mile 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



after mile of grassy prairie, where the cattle of the Old 
World might be brought to roam ; mountains with the 
wealth of mines concealed beneath their rugged sides. 
And still these were not all. There were thousands of 
little streams which could be har- 
nessed to the mill-wheel ; there were 
quarries of old gi-anite, slate, and 
marble, as yet untouched by hu- 
man hands ; there were millions of 
fish swarming in the rivers and the 



sea. 

There were all these, and more, that 
the colonists had never seen nor even 
imagined. To-day we know some- 
thing of the possibilities of our land, 
and it may be tliat even we have 
That it was a good laud, and that it 
might become tlie seat of a great nation, could be seen 
even two hundred years ago. 




Rice. 

more to learn 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 



1. The colonists knew little of the resources of the country. 

2. The continent covered many miles of territory, and varied in 
climate and productions. 

3. Unlike a tropical country, much work was needed to develop 
the land, but the possibilities were great for people who were will- 
ing to work. 

■I. North America was, then, well adapted to become the seat of a 
great and flourishing nation. 



THE WEALTH OF AN UNDEVELOPED COUNTRY 



THINGS TO READ 

CJonsult your geography for information as to the physical fea- 
tures of North America. You will find much information in Tarr 
aiul McMurry's Geography, on that continent. Read what is said 
of the climate and productions under each group of states, and 
under Canada. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Compare the size of North America with that of Europe ; of 
Canada with that of England ; the United States with that of France 
or Germany ; ]\Iexico with that of Spain. 

2. Find out what you can about the climate of North America. 

3. Make a list of the natural products of the country known and 
used to-day. 

4. Copy the production map. 

5. Look up pictures illustrating the industries of the country at 
the present time. These may he mounted to form a very interesting 
class collection. 

6. Study the furs and fur-bearing animals of Canada. 



Ill 

ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 

Now for the colonies themselves — suppose we first 
renew our acquaintance with those of the English, and 
trace some of the events which have been making history 
even in these young settlements. By the end of the second 
century after the New -World was discovered, all of the 
"thirteen original colonies" except Georgia had been 
settled. Virginia, the oldest of them, was not far from 
her hundredth birthday ; and Massachusetts, New York, 
New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island were not 
many years behind. Pennsylvania, although the youngest 
of the twelve, had grown so rapidly as to be larger than 
many of the older colonies. 

There were about two hundred thousand people in the Eng- 
lish settlements. The day when these settlements could be 
counted on the fingers of one hand — when Virginia meant 
Jamestown, and New England meant Plymouth, or possibly 
Salem and Boston — had long since passed. There were 
hundreds of communities, and year by year the settlers 
were pushing farther westward, imtil the mountain wall 
was almost reached. 

The years had been years of progress in all the colonies, 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 9 

and years in which the people, in spite of their differing 
ideas and beHefs, were growing more like one another, and 
more unlike the people of the countries from which they 
had come. Their life in America, so far away from the 
home government in England, was developing in the colo- 
nists more and more of that spirit of independence in 
political affairs for which Englishmen at home and abroad 
have ever been noted. 

There were three kinds of government in the colonies. 
A few of them had charters. These were Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Virginia had been founded 
as a chartered colony, but in 1624 tlie king had taken 
away the charter, and bad made Virginia a royal province. 
Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania were still under the 
rule of proprietors, the heirs of those to whom the land 
had been originally granted. The rest of the twelve, though 
they had been at first proprietary, had become, like Vir- 
ginia, royal provinces. This means that their governors 
were appointed by the king. In the chartered colonies 
the governors were usually elected by the people. In the 
proprietary colonies they were appointed by the proprietors. 

In each of the colonies, however, the people had an 
assembly, and as long as this assembly was not interfered 
with, the people were, in most cases, able to rule them- 
selves whether the governor was willing or not. For the 
assembly managed the money affairs of the colony, and if 
the governor were troublesome, he could usually be brought 
to terms by refusing him the money to carry out his plans, 
or perhaps by refusing him even his salary. 



10 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

There were many struggles between the assembhes and 
the royal governors — struggles in which the people 
gained the courage to oppose wliat they considered injustice, 
and the power to make their opposition felt by the gov- 
ernors, or even by the king. Several of these quarrels were 
important enough to be remembered. 

In Virginia the people suffered for years from the harsh 
rule of Governor Berkeley. Year after year he prevented 
their electing a new House of Burgesses, thereby keeping 
in power a House which was friendly to himself. From 
what I have told you above, you will see that this cut off 
from the people their only means of keeping down the 
governor's power. So the governor did much as he liked, 
and the people could only endure it. 

At last, however, in 1676, many of the people, under the 
leadership of a young man named Bacon, rose against the 
governor. The Indians were a constant danger to the col- 
ony, but the governor had refused to raise troops or to allow 
the people to do so to protect their homes against them. 
Indignant at this refusal, Bacon and his followers took 
the matter in their own hands. This was the beginning of 
" Bacon's Rebellion." There were exciting times in Vir- 
ginia during the few months that it lasted, but Bacon soon 
died, and the governor and his friends triumphed. Things 
were soon as bad as before. But though the attempt had 
been a failure, the spirit of resistance to oppression was 
born in the hearts of the men of Virginia. 

Another instance of difficulty between governor and peo- 
ple is to be found in the story of Sir Edmund Andres. In 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 



11 



1686, the year after James II came to the throne of Eng- 
land, he sent Andros to America to become the governor 
of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, and Maine. 
The assemblies of these colonies were to be abolished, and 
Andros was to demand the 
charters of Rhode Island 
and Connecticut. These 
colonies were then to be 
added to the territory under 
his control. In 1088 he 
was also made governor of 
New York and New Jersey, 
thus making his rule abso- 
lute from the Delaware to 
the border line of Canada. 

Andros made his head- 
quarters in Boston, and sent 
Francis Nicholson to rule for 
him in New York. There 
was soon trouble for both 
Nicholson and Andros. 
They carried out the king's orders, to disregard the peo- 
ple's assemblies, very faithfully, and the people hated them 
accordingly. It was not long, however, before news came 
to America that King James, who had sent the hated 
governor, had Ijeen driven from his throne, and had fled 
from England. Why should not the people in America 
drive away their tyrants, the king's officers? 

In New York a German named Leisler gathered a band 




m 

Sir Edmtxd Andros. 



12 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

of citizen soldiers who obliged Nicholson to leave the town. 
Leisler then made himself governor. For three years he 
remained in power, but at last the people grew tired of his 
rule, and appealed to the new English king for a governor. 
King William granted their request, and when the new gov- 
ernor reached New York, Leisler was hanged for treason. 
The whole story is important only as it shows us the spirit 
of resistance beginning to assert itself. 

Meanwhile Andros himself had been captured by the 
people of Boston, and, after being kept imprisoned for some 
time, had l3een sent to England, while the people took the 
government into their own hands for a time. The stories 
of Bacon's rebellion, and of the overthrow of Andros and 
Nicholson, serve to illustrate the same spirit of resistance 
to what the people believed to be oppression and injustice, 
which was growing in the English colonists. It is a spirit 
of which we shall see more hereafter. 

There were other traits in these early Americans which 
were as strong, and which affected their later history 
as much as their love of self-government. They were a 
sturdy people, slow to change their ways of life, content 
to reach the goal of their ambitions ste}3 by step ; extend- 
ing their territory only as it became necessary to make 
room for the settlers; not dreaming of a great empire, but 
intent upon making homes. 

These homes — nestled among the rugged hills of New 
England, along the shores of the Hudson and the Dela- 
ware, or surrounded by the widespread toljacco fields of 
the South — tliese explain to us the wonderful vitalit}' of 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 



13 



the Engli.sli settlements. The old lioinesteads of New 
England became centers of life, centers of industry, cen- 
ters of training. The children and the children's children 
settling near made large and thriving communities of the 
little towns. The green valleys became fields of waving 




A Colonial Farmhouse. 



corn. The wooded hillsides rang with the sound of the 
woodman's ax. The waters of the harbors reflected the 
masts of gallant ships, built in America and manned b}^ 
American seamen. 

Many books have been written which describe for us 



14 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



life ill tliese far-away colonial times; and you will find 
tliem well worth reading. They tell us tales of roomy 
old kitchens, with huge fireplaces around which the family 
gathered at night, popping corn, roasting apples, crack- 
ing nuts ; the children listening eagerly to stories of old 
England, or perhaps to wild tales of bears and panthers 




A Colonial Kitchen. 

and stealthy, catlike Indians, or still more weird and hor- 
rible stories of witches and wizards, while the red firelight 
glowed over all, and the steady hum of the spinning wheel 
made a drowsy accompaniment to the story. 

We shall find stories of the Sundays of long ago — 
of the hare, cold churches, so cold that sometimes the 
minister preached in overcoat and mittens. We shall 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 



15 



lear of the tithingman, whose duty it 
A^as to keep drowsy folk awake when 
ihe sermon proved too long and dry, 
'or sermons were long in those days — 
hree or four hours was not at all un- 
isual. 

We shall read of harsh laws for the 
junishment of crime, and of the stocks 
nid pillory that stood on every village 
yreen ; of the ducking stool, where scold- 
ng women were shown the error of their 
kvays ; and of many other strange ways 
jf keeping people from doing wrong. 

We shall be told of the way people 

travelled 




Spixnixc Whkil. 




Pillory. 



when they 
made their long-antici- 
pated visits to Boston 
or Philadelphia, and of 
the time it took to go 
from place to place. 
We shall hear of the 
stagecoach, which was 
called the "flvino; ma- 
chine," because it coukl 
^ go from New York to 
'!^% S3^ - T^liilat^elpliia in two 
days. 

The books will tell 
us, too, of fashionable 



16 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




Stocks. 



balls and banquets in the gayer towns ; of ladies and 
gentlemen in gorgeous costumes and with wonderfully 

powdered hair; of 
their sedate and dig- 
nified manners, and 
of their stately 
minuet. 

There will be sto- 
ries, too, of the belief 
in witchcraft, and the 
cruel deeds that were 
done because of it. 
We shall hear of the 
dreadful days in Salem, when nineteen so-called witches 
were hanged on " Gallows Hill," and no one knew who 
would be the next to hang l)eside them. We shall shud- 
der, and Ije glad that the day of belief in witchcraft has 
gone forever. 

Yes, there are wonderful stories awaiting us in these 
records of colonial days, and we shall knoAv our forefathers 
better when we have read them. Then, little folks, let 
me introduce you to your own great-great-great-great- 
graudfathers. You will find them shut in between the 
covers of the books on the library shelves, and very glad 
to come out and have a chat with you. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The English colonies were increasing rapidly in size and 
strength. 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 



17 



self- 



There were three forms of colonial government : — 

Chartered colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode 

Island). 
Proprietary (Pennsylvania, Delaware, and ^laryland). 
Royal (the remaining colonies). 
One of the strongest traits of the colonists was their love of 
,fovernment. Because of this they often quarreled with the 



royal governors. 




O 



Foot Stove. 



4. Bacon's Rebellion was the outcome of such a quarrel in Vir- 
ginia, as was the uprising in New York under Leisler and the 
removal of Sir Edmund Andros in Massachusetts. All these show 
the grov.'ing spirit of resistance to what the people believed to be 
oppression. 

5. The English colonists were a steady, sturdy people, intent 
upon home-making. 

6. There are many interesting accounts of their ways of living. 
We shall enjoy reading some of them. 

c 



18 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



THINGS TO READ 

1. "Stones of tlie Old Doniinion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 65-81. 

2. " White Aprons," by JMaude Goodwin (a story). 

3. '• Stories of the Okl Kay State," by E. S., Brooks, pp. 92-100. 
■1. '* True Story of the United States," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 56-64. 

5. " Men and Manners a Hundred Years Ago," by Horace Sciidder. 

6. "Home Life in Colonial Days," by Alice IVIorse E^arle. 

Homes, p}). l-ol ; Light, pp. 32-51 ; The Kitchen 
Eireside, pp. 52-75; Serving of Meals, pp. 76-107; 
Girls' Occupations, pp. 252-280 ; Dress, pp. 281- 
299; Travel, pp. 324-363; Sundays, pp. 364-387; 
Neighborliness, pp. 388-420. 

7. Mrs. Earle has a number of other books on life in colonial 
times which will prove useful, such as " Costumes of Colonial Times," 
"Sabbath in Puritan New England," "Child Life in Colonial Days," 
and "Customs and Fashions in Old New England." 

8. " Source r>ook of American History," by A. B. Hart, pp. 82-88 ; 
91-92; 115-119; 122, 123. 

9. "Colonial Children," by A. B. Hart, pp. 152-162; 188-196; 
206, 207 ; 214, 215 ; 218-221 ; 224-232. 

10. "Camps and Firesides of the Revolution," by A. B. Hart, 
pp. 1-36; 39-42; 59-61. 



THINGS TO DO — 

1. Find the exact meaning of commidtities, rlpveIoj)iiiii, indepen- 
dence, political , proprietors, opqvjse, resistxDice, oppression, aljsolate, (joal, 
empire, vitality. 

2. Make a nuip showing the thirteen English colonies. 

3. Find pictures of colonial scenes. 

4. Describe the ai)pearance of a colonial lady of fashion ; a fash- 
ionable colonial gentleman. 

5. Write upon one of the subjects given below. Be sure to select 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND COLONISTS 



19 



one upon which you have done some reading, so that you may have 
something to say. 

A Colonial Sunday. 

A New England Farmhouse. 

Life on a Virginia Plantation. 

How People dressed Two Hundred Years Ago. 

Colonial Punishments for Crime. 



FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

Part I. Condition of affairs in Europe and America near the end 
of the seventeenth century. 
I. The English colonies. 
a. Government. 



CuAKTEREn 



Proprietary 



b. The people — their strongest traits. 

c. Events which show one of these traits. 



IV 

LIFE IX NEW FRANCE 

We shall find many sharp contrasts between the English 
colonies we have been considering, and those of the French. 
First of all, we shall notice the difference in climate and 
in the natural resources of the French settlements. Not 
corn, nor tobacco, but furs, we find the chief product of 
the country — a fact which had a great influence upon 
the character of the people. 

Instead of settling down to a farming life, most of the 
men became wood rangers — fur traders, hunters, trappers. 
They lived wild lives in the forests, and in spite of the 
efforts of the king and his officers to draw them back to 
the settlements, they loved the wild life best. King Louis 
tried very hard to make the colony grow. Parkman, a 
great historian who has told the stoxy of New France, 
says, '*' The new settler was found by the king, sent over 
by the king, and supplied by the king with a wife, a 
farm, and sometimes with a house. Well did Louis XIV 
earn the title of ' Father of New France.' " 

Some of these colonists sent over by the king were 
peasants, while many were soldiers whose regiments the 
king ordered to Canada and then caused to be disbanded 

20 



LIFE IN NEW FRANCE 



21 



there, hoping that the meu would remain and hecome 
colonists, as most of them did. The wives provided by 
the king were sent out from France, a hundred or two 
hundred at a time, much as was done in Virginia in the 
early days. There was, however, nothing to be paid by 




--^ll^J 




^"K. 



HrXTERS 



the settler for his wife, as in Virginia. He was, on the 
contrary, almost driven to marry, by the orders of the 
benevolent king. 

King Louis believed, and there was much truth in his 
theory, that the colony would never prosper imtil families 
were established, and children born in Canada grew up 



22 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



to become the men of the next generation. A pension 
was offered to any man who should have ten children, 
and a greater sum to the father of twelve. 

Successful, however, as the king's matrimonial plans 
were, he did not succeed in building up the great popu- 
lation that he dreamed of for Canada. The woods were 
too near, the great rivers and the lakes seemed always 

calling the young men 
to the wild life beyond. 
Farming was slow work, 
and often discourao-ino' 

o o 

work. Why should one 
toil in the fields, coax- 
ing the backward crops, 
when the forest teemed 
with game and the 
waters with fish, always 
ready for the hunter or 
the fisherman ? Why 
plod on day after day in 
the same stupid round 
of cares and troubles ? 
In' the forest one could 
be free ! 

And so we hear of deserted farms, of abandoned homes 
and wives and children. In vain were laws made and 
penalties ordered to overcome the evil. The French 
colonist was made of different stock from the Eng-lish — 
more impulsive, less ready to give up his present desire 




Deer. 



LIFE m NEW FRANCE 



23 







for the sake of some later good, less self-reliant in matters 
oi g;overnment, having been trained by centuries of abso- 
Uite rule to )je guided by those in authority. 

Nowhere is this absolute government more clearly 
shown than in Canada. The king made himself in 
truth the " Father of New 
France," and he governed 
the colonists as though they 
were unruly children. They 
were not, it is true, capable 
3f self-government as the 
English were ; but their 
training in the New World 
was doing little to make 
them more capable of it. 

One of the most notice- 
al)le results of the adven- 
turous life of the Canadian woodsmen was their friendship 
with the Indians. With the exception of the Iroquois, 
who had been the foes of all Frenchmen since the time 
when Champlain had given their enemies aid against them, 
all the northern tribes were friendly and even more than 
friendly with the men of Canada. Often the woodsman 
visited his " red brothers," sometimes he lived among 
them and married an Indian wife. All the secrets of the 
forest became his, and he forgot the ways of civilization. 

Sometimes, however, he did not live entirely among 
the Indians, but returned once in two or three years to 
the settlement. Here he sold the furs he had gathered 




Indian Moccasins. 



24 A HUNDEED YEARS OF WARFARE 

together (often against the orders of the king), and after 
a few days of wild drunken reveh^y would make his way 
back to the woods again. 

It seems strange that through all this wild lawless life 
the church should have kept its hold upon even the most 
adventurous of the settlers, but it shows the power of the 
priests in Canada. The church and the king — these 
were the forces that guided the fortunes of New France. 
And under their watchful care, their daily suppression 
of every instinct of self-government, what wonder that 
the Canadian colony failed to become sturdy and self-sup- 
porting like its English neighbors, but depended always 
upon aid from the king, advice from tlie priests, and 
guidance in the smallest affairs of government from the 
officers of church and crown, sent to rule them. 

THIXGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The French colonies differed from the English in natural re- 
sources, in government, in religion, in the character of the people. 

2. Furs were the principal product. Fur-bearing animals were 
very plentiful. 

3. There were fewer villages and settled communities than in the 
English colonies. Most of the settlements were trading posts and 
missions. 

4. Many of the men of Canada were wood rangers. They were 
on very friendly terms with the Indians. 

5. The government of the colony was entirely in the hands of 
officers appointed by the king. Self-government was unknown in 
Canada. 

6. The religion of the Canadians was Catholic. The priests were 
very powerful in the colony. 



LIFE IN NEW FRANCE 



25 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of contnicts, natural resources, regi- 
ments, benevolent, theory, generation, pension, matrimonial, teemed, 
abandoned, penalties, impulsive, suppression, peasants. 

2. Write about "a Canadian woodsranger " : -^ 

I. Wliere he nmde his home — why he did not remain in 
the settlement — what he often left behind. 
IT. How he spent his life — his " red brothers." 
III. An occasional visit to the settlement. 

3. Discuss in class with your teacher the following question : — 

Why should a colony whose men lived in the woods as 
hunters prosper less than a colony of home-makers ? 

4. Write about the " Father of New France.'' 

I. To whoiu this name was given — wliy ? 
II. How he tried to make the colony grow. 
III. The result of his efforts — the reason for this result. . 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

II. New France. 

a. Government, b. The people — their prominent traits. 

III. Comparison of the French and English colonies. 



Position 

Climate 

Productions 

Motives in colonizing 

Attitude of government 

Character of people 

Occupation.s 

Government 

Religion 

Intercourse with Indians 

Military training 



E.n<;lisii 



V 



A GLANCE AT ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



Leaving for a time the rival colonies in America, let lis 
glance at the mother countries in Europe. The time when 
we take up our story — that 
is, the latter part of the 
seventeenth century — is 
part of what is sometimes 
known as the "Age of Revo- 
lution." In England, es- 
pecially, there had been 
many changes in govern- 
ment. In the first half of 
the century there had been 
a great civil war between 
the king and his followers 
on the one hand and the 
people on the other. It was 
ended by the execution of the king, and the declaration of 
the victorious army that henceforth the land should be ruled 
by the elected representatives of the people, who formed the 
Parliament. And so it was, for about four years. 

There were, however, many people who were not satis- 

27 




Charles I. 
(Who was beheaded.) 



28 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



fied with the rule of Parliament, and the governmeut fell 
into the hands of one man, Oliver Cromwell. His power 
was almost unlimited, and as he was a man of great 
strength of character, he did much for England, both in 

building up a strong gov- 
ernment at home and in 
securing the respect of 
foreign nations. 

When Cromwell died, in 
1G59, his son took his 
place as '' Lord Protector 
of the Commonwealth." 
Being, however, a much 
weaker man tlian his 
father, he was soon obliged 
to resign his otfice. There 
seemed no one lifted to 
rule as Cromwell had done, 
and after a few months of 
uncertainty, the people 
were quite ready to have 
a king again. They invited Charles, the son of the king 
whom they had beheaded, to return to^England as their 
ruler, and he was glad enough to accept. It seemed as 
though the civil war and the determination of the people 
to rule themselves had been entirely forgotten. 

But Charles II, the new king, was much like liis father 
in wanting to have his own way, and before his reign of 
twenty-five years was over, the people had begun to re- 




A GLANCE AT ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



29 



pent of asking him to return. His brother, James II, who 
became king in 1685, was still worse, and was so hated by 
:he people that in 1688 they coidd bear his rule no longer. 

They asked William, the Prince of Orange, in Hohand, a 
stanch Protestant and a lover of liberty, to come over to 
England, and become king. William's wife was a daugli- 
;,er of James, so she had some claim upon the throne. 
William and Mary came, and though King .James was 
ivilling now to make all sorts of promises to observe tlie 
liberties of the people, it was too late. He was deserted, 
md was obliged to llee from England. The new reiL!;n 
Degan. Much of the power 
that had once been the kini2:'s 
ivas given to Parliament, and 
it seemed at last as though 
the liberties of the English 
people were assiu'ed. 

There could be no stronger 
['ontrast to England under 
King William than France 
imder Louis XIV. Almost 
born a king — he was only 
five years old at his father's 
leath — he believed he was 

born to rule, and most royallv did he support this belief, 
tie used to declare, '' I am the state," meaning of course 
that his will in all things must Ije obeyed. France had 
o;rown much in strength and jnnver during the reign of 
Louis XIII, and during the childhood of the new boy 




Charles IL 



30 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



king the kingdom was well managed by his ministers. 
Wars with Austria and with Spain had made France the 
leading state of Europe, and when he grew old enough to 
take the reins of government into his own hands, Louis 
determined to make France greater yet. 

The people were not 
consulted. It was the 
king's ])art to command, 
theirs to obey. And 
was it not all for " the 
glory of France " ? The 
people should be willing 
to light and to pay heavy 
taxes for such an object. 
War followed war, all 
Europe was drawn into 
the conflict — and all 
that Louis XIV's power 
and fame should be in- 
creased. 

All Europe was drawn 
into the conflict, we said. 
We shall be interested to 
see on which side the 
During the whole period Louis's 
Holland, — brave little Holland, 
which stood for all that was freest in government, in reli- 
gion, in the lives of her people. Close behind her we find 
England, with her king of Dutch birth, and allied with 




LoTis XIV. 



various states fought 
greatest enemy was 



A GLANCE AT ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



31 



them tlie smaller Protestant states of Europe. Spain and 
Austria, the leading Catholic states, were sometimes to be 
found on one side, sometimes on the other. But on the 
whole, the period was a hght of religions — Protestant 
against Catholic; a light of governments — of liberty 




SCKNE AT CuUKT OF LoUIS XIV. 



against the power of kings ; and our part is to watch 
the struggle, to hear the echo of the noise of strife in 
the far-off woods of America. 



THINGS TO RE^VIEMBER 

1. There were many changes in government in England during 
the seventeenth century. 

2. Near the end of the century, William, Prince of Orange, and 



82 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

his wife, Mary, were invited by the people of Enghind to become 
their rulers. 

3. ]\Iuch i)Ower was given to Parliament, that the people might 
hereafter share in governing themselves. 

4. In France the people had no part in the government. 

5. Louis XIV made his peojde poor by numy foreign wars. In 
these wars the English and Dutcli were Louis's chief enemies. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Compare the governments of England and Franee. 



Government 



France 



England 



Power of king- 
Power of people 

2. F^'ind the exact meaning of reniJtition, cic'd v:ai\ execntion, dec- 
laration, representative, pari lament, nilnlf<ters, absolnte, monarch. 

3. Discuss in class the question : In war time which would you 
expect to find the better soldiers, the people of a self-governing 
natioB, or those of a country ruled by an absolute monarch. 

(Remember that an opinion without reasons is valueless.) 

4. Obtain and mount a picture of the Houses of Parliament. 

5. F'ind out, if possible, what modern nations are absolute mon- 
archies. Are they the progressive nations of the world ? 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

IV. The mother countries. 

tt. Governments of France and England compared. 

[Insert here the comparison you made under " Things 
to Do."] 
b. Louis XIV's wars. 

1. The real reason for his undertaking them. 

2. Why England was always on the other side. 



VI 

AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 

We liave already seen how d liferent from each other 1689 
the English and the French colonists were, and we can 
readily understand how these ditferences might cause dis- 
trust, suspicion, even hatred, between them. When we 
add to these quite natural feelings the fact that the 
mother countries in Europe were bitter foes, as they had 
been for centuries, we 1)egin to understand the condition 
of things in America in 16 (SO. 

Here were the colonies of two great European nations, 
planted side by side in a new land. With no natural 
boundary between them, it could hardly fail to happen 
that sooner or later they would come into conflict. The 
French in America were dreaming of a great empire, as 
great as the continent itself. They were spreading out 
their forces and building their little forts up and down 
through the great central plain. For here was the prize 
— the great river whose owners might some day control 
tlie connnerce of the whole interior. Every movement of 
the French was toward this end, — the control of the 
Mississippi and the Great Lakes. For this La Salle had 

vk('(\ and for it he had died. 

33 




[JftMAf k CyJ., H.f, 



To ILLUSTKATK COLONIAL WaRS. 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 



35 



And now the English were beginning to see the vahie um) 
of the great valley. They were attempting to build np 
a trade with the Indians ; they were even beginning to 
cross the mountain wall in search of homes. There is 
little doubt that the struggle for the continent would still 




Pioneer Home in the Ohio Valley. 

have come, had there been no Eiu^opean wars to set it in 
motion. But the tumult across the Atlantic could not 
l)ut hasten it. 

In 1689, then, we see the opening of the conflict. War 
was declared between England and France. In America, 
the colonists, patriotic, true to their governments at home, 
and perhaps not unmindful of their own prejudices, took 



36 



A HUxXDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



1689- up the quarrel as their own. The war in America was 

^*^'''' not like that in Europe, where great armies met and 

fought the battles which were to win or lose the day. 

The battles in the New World were most frequently fought 

in the night, and were usually very one-sided affairs. 




Some lonely settlement on the border between New 
England and Canada, perhaps, — once it was Schenectady 
in New York, — w^ould be wrapped in the heavy slumber 
that follows days of toil. Sometimes there would be 
sentinels watching for the foe, but oftener all ^vould he 
asleep. Through the forest, over the dead leaves or the 
noiseless carpet of snow, would come a dusky baud — 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN LAWS 



3: 



Freurli woodsmen sucli as we have read of, and their 
Indian friends aud alUes. 

Silently stealing into the village, the warriors would 
surround the houses, then, sending forth their horrible 
w^ar cries, would rouse the people within to figlit for their 



"3 



E N n 





lives. Over and over again this happened, and sometimes 
every inhabitant of a village would be killed or captured. 
The captured would be led away to Canada, and many of 
them never saw their homes again. Some married French- 
men, or even Indian warriors, and became like the savages 
thev lived among. 

When, in 1697, peace was declared between France and 



38 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

England, the colonists of New Yoi'k and New England 
on the one hand and of Canada on the other were glad 
enongh to stop fighting. New York had suffered most, 
and tliongh she had protected the colonies south of her, 
they had done but little to aid her in her struggle. 

1702 The peace, however, did not last long. In 1702 war 
began again, and soon all Europe was drawn into the 
quarrel. The wearied colonists at once began prepara- 
tions for renewing the fight. The raids of the Canadian 
" war parties " were begun once more. The French made 
great efforts to make friends with the Iroquois, who were 
the ouly Indian allies of tlie English. For this reason 
most of the war parties turned farther east, away from 
the Iroquois country. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
and the struggling settlements of Maine had to bear the 
heaviest burden. We can scarcely read without shudder- 
ing the stories of these unhappy days in New England. 

1704 Early in the winter of 1704 a dreadful raid was made 
upon Deerfield, a little town in the Connecticut valley. 
There were about three hundred people in the settlement, 
and all were peacefully sleeping when the war whoop 
sounded and tomahawks came crashing against the doors. 
All was confusion in a moment. Doors were broken in, 
and the inmates of the houses were killed or dragged 
forth as captives. Houses were set on fire, and the 
crackling flames added to the terror of the scene. Shout- 
ing savages swarmed everywhere, while the screams of 
frightened children and the cries of the dying filled the 
air. We may still see in Deerfield the door of one of 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 



39 







The Attack on Dkehkikld. 



these colonial houses, showing a jagged hole hacked )iy 
the Indians, through which they shot a woman, the mis- 
tress of the house. 

As the gray dawn hegan to break over the distant hill- 
tops, a sorrowful band was led away toward Canada. 
Over a hundred prisoners — men, women, children, even 
babies among them — set out on the long journey. Many 
died from cold and weakness, and many, when their 



40 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



strength failed and they could go no farther, were killed 

by the Indians. After months of dreary and painful 

marching, Canada was reached. 

About sixty of these prisoners were after a long time 

released and allowed to return home. Most of the children 

and young j)eople, how- 
ever, were kept in Canada, 
where many of them 
adopted the Catholic reli- 
gion and married French 
or Indian husbands or 
wives. One of these, a 
daughter of the Deerfield 
minister, Mr. Williams, 
came more than thirty 
years afterward to visit 
her old home. With her 
she brought her Indian 
husband and her savage 
children. She was like 
any Indian squaw, and 
thougb -her relatives tried 
to induce her and her 

family to remain in Deerfield, she preferred to return to 

her savage life. 

This attack upon Deerfield was only one of many such 

happenings. Nowhere along the northern frontier of the 

New England colonies could the people feel secure for a 

single day or night. 




Door of " Indian House 
Deerfield. 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 



41 



The war dragged on until 1713, in both Europe and iTi'. 
America. In 1710 the English colonists, after several 
attempts, had succeeded in gaining control of Port Royal 
and so of the province of Acadia. In Europe, Louis XIV 
had met with many disasters,TNand the French people were 







Ox THK Road to Canada. 



overwhelmed with a great war debt. Both English and 
French were glad to stop fighting. The treaty which 
closed the war gave to England Hudson Bay. Newfound- 
laud, and Acadia. This was a great gain for Eng:land and 



a great loss for France. 



42 A HUNDRED YEAKS OF WARFARE 

The old quarrel was, however, still almost untouched. 
The boundary between Canada and the English colonies 
remained unsettled. The hatred between the French and 
the English settlers burned as fiercely as ever. It needed 
only an excuse to break out into war. The excuse came 
in 1744, wlien a new war broke out in Europe, and found 
France and England, as usual, on opposite sides. 
1744 News traveled slowly in those days, and it so hap- 
pened that a ship bearing the tidings that war had been 
declared in Europe reached the French town of Louis- 
burg in America several weeks before the English colonists 
heard the news. Immediately the governor of Louisburg 
decided to attack the English before they should realize 
their need of defense. He did so, and succeeded in tak- 
ing a little fishing town in Acadia, which territory, you 
will remember, had come under English rule at the close of 
the last war. Next the French attacked Port Royal, or 
Annapolis, as the Englisli had renamed it, but this time 
they were not successful. 

These attacks so enraged the people of New England 
that they began to form no less a plan than an attempt to 
capture Louisburg itself. The rashness_^of this plan lay in 
two tilings, — the strength of the t(jwn, and the entire lack 
of trained soldiers to attack it. The town was only about 
thirty years old, Init the French government had spent 
much time and money in fortifying it, until it was 
generally acknowledged to be the strongest fortress on the 
continent. 

The plan originated in Massachusetts, and the people 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 




A View ok Boston, 1744. 
(The year before Louisburg was taken.) 



became wildly entlnisiastio over it. No one seemed to 
consider a chance of failure. AMien Benjamin Franklin 
wrote from Philadelphia to his brother in Boston that 
"fortified towns are hard nuts to crack, and your teeth 
are not accustomed to it; Init some seem t(j think that 
forts are as easily taken as snuff," I have no doubt his 
letter was greeted with laughter and shouts of derision. 
A writer of that day says of the expedition that " it had a 
lawyer for contriver, a merchant for general, and farmers, 
fishermen, and mechanics for soldiers." 

Perhaps the strangest part of the whole story is that 1745 
the expedition did succeed. The French soldiers in the 
fort were in poor condition, and their commander was a 



44 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

man of little force of character ; powder was scarce, and 
help expected from Canada did not arrive. So, somehow, 
in spite of their lack of discipline, and in spite of the 
clumsy old guns they carried, the New Englanders 
captured the city. There was great rejoicing in Boston 
when the news came. Bells rang, cannon were fired, and 
the shouts of the people tilled the air. Louisburg, the 
French stronghold, was taken. 

The succeeding years of the war show little but tales of 
" war parties " sent out by the French and opposed by tlie 
inhabitants of now this village, now that. No event of 
r-18 importance occurred until, in 1748, both England and 
France, ready to make peace, agreed to restore all con- 
quests to their original owners. Great was the indignation 
in Boston when it was known that Louis) turg was to be 
given back to the French. But such was the decision of 
the English government, and so it had to l^e. 

THINGS TO re:\ie.mi;er 

1. Tlie people of tlie English colonies and tliose of New France 
became rivals for the possession of the Ohio Valley. 

2. The Erench wished the territory fen- trading purposes, and 
also as a means of communication with their new colony, Louisiana. 

3. The English wished to trade with the Indians of the valley, 
and some of them wished to make use of the land for homes. 

4. When war broke out between Fhigland and France, the colo- 
nists in America took up the quarrel. 

5. Between 1()<S9 ami 1748 there were three wars between the two 
mother countries, each (jf wliich had its echo in the New World. 

6. Each of these wars served to make more intense the hatred 
between Canadians and Englishmen. 



AMERICAN ECHOES OF EUROPEAN WARS 45 



THINGS TO READ 

1. " A Half Century of Conflict," by Francis Parkman, Vol. II, 
pp. 121-134. 

2. " The Taking of Louisburg," oy S. A. Drake. 

3. "Grandfather's Chair," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Part II, 
Chap. YII. 

4. " The Children's History Book," pp. 118-137. 

5. '' Great-grandmother's Girls in New France," Champney 
(a story). 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of interior, patriotic, prejudice, senti- 
ne/s, allies, defense, fort if;/ ing, discipline. 

2. Copy the map on p. 34, showing the places mentioned in the 
chapter. 

3. Imagine that you were in Poston in 1745, a stranger in the 
town. Hearing an nnnsual ringing of bells, and seeing much joy 
and excitement among the people, you started out to find the cause. 
Write a letter to some friend, describing the scene, and telling what 
you discovered of its occasion. 

4. Find out why the three wars described in the chapter were 
called King AVilliam's War, Queen Anne's War, and King George's 
War l\y the English colonists. 

T). Learn 1689 as the date which marks the appearance of a 
common interest, a common foe, for the English colonists. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

Part II The struggle between England and France in the New 
World. 

I. The early Avars. (King AVilliam's, Queen Anne's, King 
George's.) 

[Describe in a few words the kind of warfare.] 

a. Causes — inother countries at war. 

b. Results — [see Things to Remember, 6]. 



VII 

RIVALS IN THE CJREAT VALLEY 

1748 It is not hard to see that the peace of 1748 could not 
last long in America. With the boundary between New 
France and the English colonies still unsettled, with both 
nations claiming the country west of the iVlleghenies, with 
tlie French constantly stii-ring up the people of Acadia 
against their new rulers, war could not be long delayed. 
A commission had, it is true, been appointed to settle 
the boundary question, but after arguing the matter for 
three years they came to no decision. Meanwhile English 
traders from Pennsylvania and Virginia were making 
friends with the Indians in the Ohio Valley, and were 
drawing away much trade from the French. Not only 
this, but a number of Virginians had formed a company 
whose ol)ject was to colonize the valley. The French 
became alarmed. 

The Canadian governor sent out in 1748 three hundred 
men to occupy the valley and to warn the English to leave 
the country. Tlie next year the Ohio Company sent 
a trader who knew the country, to look over the land, and 
select a suitable place for its colony. Orders came to 
the Canadian governor from Paris that the English must 

46 



RIVALS IN THE GREAT VALLEY 



47 



be " driven off." Duquesne, the French governor, sent 
another force of men to seize the valley, and to build forts 
enough to hold it for France. Two forts were built and 
garrisoned and the rest of the men sent back to Canada 
for the winter. 

The English in their turn saw with alarm the move- 




Washington's Return from the French Fort. 



ments of the French. Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia, 
who was especially interested in the Ohio country, resolved 
to warn the French to withdraw. He wrote a letter to the 1753 
commander of the French forces, and selected to take it to 
the French fort a young man whose name you all know, 
and whom we all love and honor for his later service to 
his country — George Washington. 



48 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

It adds a special interest to the journey of this youth of 
twenty-one through the wilds of the Alleghany forests, to 
know that he would one day be hailed as the " father of 
his country," We are interested to see that, even in this 
small beginnmg of his career, he was as careful, as faith- 
ful, as in the greatest deeds of his later life. 

The French commander was very courteous to young 
Major Washington — the young man was an officer in the 
Virginia militia — and Governor Dinwiddle's letter was 
given polite attention, Ijut that was all. The French had 
no intention of withdrawing, and so Washington reported 
when he returned from his perilous winter journey. Gov- 
ernor Dinwiddle was anxious to raise a force of men who 
should go at once to drive away the French. But the Vir- 
ginia assembly was slow in granting money to carry out 
the governor's plan, and the neighboring colonies were not 
willing to give much assistance. 
1754 A band of about three hundred of the Virginia militia 
was, however, ordered out. Half this regiment, under the 
command of young Major Washington, set out at once for 
the Ohio country, and it so happened that the first blow in 
the struggle now about to begin was struck at Washing- 
ton's command. 

A party of Virginia backwoodsmen had gone ahead to 
build a fort at the place where the city of Pittsburg now 
stands. AVhen the work was well under way, a company 
of five hundred Frenchmen appeared, and the Virginians 
were forced to give up the position to them. The French 
then proceeded to build on the spot a nuich larger and 



RIVALS IN THE GREAT VALLEY 



49 



stronger fort, which they named for the French governor, 
Fort Duquesne. 

It was not long after this that the first blood of the war 
w^as shed. Rumors were brought to Washington that a 




To ILLTSTRATE THE LaST FkEXCII WaI!. 



party of Frenchmen was hiding in the w^oods not far from 
his camp. Fearing a surprise, Washington led a party of 
forty men to look for them. Sure enough, in a rocky hol- 
low of the forest thirty-five men lay concealed. A fight 
followed, in which a few of the Frenchmen were killed 
and the rest captured. War had l)egun ! 

Returning to his camp, Washington set his men to work 
upon a rude sort of fcjrt which he named Fort Necessity, 



50 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

sending meanwhile for reenforcements to aid him when the 
French from Fort Duquesne should come, as no doubt ! 
they would do, to avenge the death of their comrades. 
The rest of the Virginia regiment soon came, and because 
of the death of their colonel, Washington became com- 
mander of the whole force. A few friendly Indians and a 
company from South Carolina also joined the party. But 
all together it was a small force to oppose the French and 
Indians who were even then on their way from Fort 
Duquesne. 

The French reached Fort Necessity on the third of July, 
and a fight of nine hours followed. Parkmau says in de- 
scribing it, " Rain fell all day. ... At times the fire on 
both sides was nearly quenched by the showers, and the be- 
drenched combatants could do little but gaze at each other 
through a gray veil of mist and rain. Towards night, 
however, the fusillade revived and became sharp again 
until dark." Ammunition was scarce on both sides, and 
the French proposed to stop the fight if Washington would 
surrender the fort and withdraw with his men, to which he 
agreed at midnight. 

In the dim light of the early morning tlie English left the 
fort. It was a forlorn march, and the heart of the youth- 
ful commander was heavy with sorrow. It was the fourth 
of July, and if Washington could but have looked forward 
a few years to the " glorious fourth " of 1776, his courage 
might have been renewed. But he could not see what the 
future had in store for him and for his native land ; his 
step was slow, his head bowed. It was his first defeat. 



RIVALS IN THE GREAT VALLEY 51 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The last French war was not an echo of European troubles. It 
began in America. 

2. It was caused by the rival claims to the Ohio Valley. 

3. Both French and English sent men to occupy the valley. 

4. These men came into conflict near where Pittsburg now stand.s, 
and there the first blood of the war was shed. 

5. George Washington, then a major in the Virginia militia, was 
in command of the defeated Englishmen. 



THINGS TO READ 

1. "Montcalm and Wolfe,"' by Francis Farkman, Vol. I, pp. 
131-13(5. 

2. "Stories of t hi- Old I)ominion," by J. E. Gooke, pp. 94-122. 

3. "Old Tim(\s in the Colonies," l)y G. G. Coffin, pp. 3G3-373. 

4. "George AVashington," l)y Horace Scudder, pp. 7-7i). 

5. " George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 1-58. 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of commissio)}, r/anisoned, career, 
avenge, fxsiUafle, animioiitiou, surrender. 

2. Draw a map of North America. Color witli crayon or water 
colors the territory claimed by the French ; then in a contrasting 
c(ih)r, show that claimed by the English. The part of the map 
where the two colors overlap will show the territory in dispute. 

3. Tlnid\ over or talk over in class the following question: 
Which nation, French or English, had the better claim to the Ohio 
valley ? When you have formed your opinion, write it briefly with 
your reasons. 

4. Discuss : Which nation, French or English, was likely to 
make the better use of the territory ? 



52 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

5. Write about Washington's journey to the French fort. ^ 

I. His errand. 
II. The country through which he had to pass. 

III. His companions — what kind of men were chosen. 

IV. Some of their adventures. 
[Do not write this until you have done some of the read- 
ing suggested in the " Things to Read.'"] 

6. By consulting your geography, try to discover why the place 
where Pittsburg now stands was important to both French and 
English. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

II. The last French Avar. 

a. Cause. [See "Things to Remember.'' Illustrate by the 

use of your map.] 
h. Important events. 

1. The building of Fort Duquesne — Avhen, where, by whom 

built. 

2. First bloodshed — wdien, where, which side won. 



VIII 

A GREAT DISASTER 

It was unfortunate that in scarcely any of the English 
colonies was there harmony between the governor and the 
assembly. The constant cjuarrels between them made it 
almost impossible for the governors to obtain money. 
And money was now a necessity if the French were to be 
driven from the Oliio Valley. There is little wonder that 
some of the governors lost their patience, and advised 
the government in England to compel the colonists to 
raise money and troops. 

Another thing, quite as important as mouey, and 
perhaps even harder to obtain, was united action by the 
various colonies. There was much jealousy and little 
good feeling between the different parts of the country. 
Each assembly was very much afraid of doing something 
to benefit some neighboring colony. Even in their treaties 
with the Indians it was " each for himself," and endless 
confusion resulted. All things considered, the French had 
some reason for their assertion that although it was 
evident that the English could raise two men to the 
French one, nevertheless the motions of the English were 
so slow and dilatory that they could not prevent any 
undertaking of the French. 

53 



54 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



1754 Not only the governors, but the home government in 
England urged the colonies to make a joint treaty with 
the Indians, and seven of the states finally agreed to do so. 
In 1754 New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the colo- 
nies of New England sent delegates to a convention or 
congress at Albany, where the Iroquois tribesmen met 
them. After the question of a treaty had been considered, 
the delegates began to discuss the subject of more unity 

among the colonies. 
The wisest men had 
begun to see the 
truth of the advice 
contained in Ben- 
jamin Franklin's 
Philadelphia paper, 
which printed the 

Franklin's Device of the Divided Snake. mottO, Unite or 

Die," with the pic- 
ture which you see here. The delegates even went so far 
as to draw up a plan for a united government for the 
colonies. But the " Albany Plan," as it is usually called, 
was scornfully rejected by the colonic^ because it gave 
too much power to the king ; and as scornfully by the 
king because it gave too much to the colonies. It is 
hardly probable that at this time any plan would have 
met with the approval of the colonies. Eacli colony was 
afraid that some of her neighbors would receive more 
power than she. Such a spirit could not fail to put an 
end to any idea of union, 



sci 


NC 

^4 


NJ 


n 


|Ny 


^t 


M^ 


%i 


fP 


^ 


UNITE 


OR 


DIE 





A GREAT DISASTER 55 

And how did the mother countries regard all these events 
in the American forests ? Were they ready to take up the 
quarrel of their colonists, and perhaps plunge all Europe 
again into war ? We shall soon see. For a time they 
pretended not to see what was going on, and assured 
each other that they were most anxious to keep the peace. 
But even while these assurances were being exchanged, 
the English government was sending two regiments under 
General Braddock to America, while a French fleet of 
eigliteen vessels, containing three thousand men, set out for 
Canada. These preparations looked little like peace. 

When General Braddock reached America, with his two 
regiments, he became commander in chief of the English 
forces. Plans were made to retake Fort Duquesne, to 
capture Fort Niagara, to take Crown Point, and to drive 
the French from Lake Champlain. Every one of these 
attempts was a failure, and that against Fort Duquesne, 
led by Braddock himself, ended in a great disaster which 
plunged the whole country into gloom. 

Braddock was a brave man, but he knew nothing of 
forest warfare, and was unwilling to take advice from 
those who did. Tlie arni}^ set out in fine order, with the 
red coats of the British " regulars " making a fine showing 
against the background of forest green, while the blue 
uniforms of the Virginia troops showed that the colonists 
were to have a share in the coming battle. Braddock 
found much fault with the Virginians, and gave orders to 
one of his officers to try to " make them as much like 
soldiers as possible." Washington was with Braddock, 



56 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

and he tells us that he and the general had " frequent dis- 
putes " in regard to the country and the people^ in neither 
of which Braddock found much to admire. 

The march through the forest was very slow, but 
all went well until the army was about eight miles from 
Fort Duquesne. Then suddenly a man appeared before 
them in the road, waving a hat as a signal to some one 
behind. The war whoop sounded, and the English found 
themselves almost in the midst of the enemy. 

The British regulars at first sturdily faced the foe, and 
used their muskets well ; but their bullets did more 
damage to the trees than to the enemy, who were fighting 
Indian fashion from the shelter of tree trunks, bushes, — 
anything that would serve as a moment's protection. The 
British soldiers were bewildered at this strange new kind 
of warfare, and soon all order was forgotten. The men 
broke their ranks and crowded close together, either for- 
getting to fire at all or firing blindly anywhere, even 
among their own comrades. 

Only the Virginians, wlio had long ago learned the 
lesson of savage warfare, knew what to do. They broke 
their ranks, hid behind trees, and met llie attack of the 
enemy in true Ijackwoods fashion. But Braddock could 
not understand their action. He flew into a rage, and 
cursing what he believed to be their cowardice, ordered 
the Virginians back into line. The few regulars who had 
tried to follow the example of the colonial soldiers he beat 
with his sword, and so forced them back among the rest. 
The scarlet coats, glowing with color, were like targets for 



A GREAT DISASTER 



57 




Fali> of JJhaddock. 



the Indian marksmen, and as scores fell, the fear of the 
rest increased. " I cannot describe the horrors of that 
scene," wrote one of the officers a few weeks later. " No 
pen could do it. The yell of the Indians is fresh on my 
ear, and the terrific somid will haunt me until the hour 
of my dissolution." 

The officers made the greatest efforts to arouse the men. 
A large numl^er of the officers were killed, Braddock him- 
self being mortally wounded, just as he had at last ordered 
the retreat. The soldiers made a wild rush backward 
through the forest. " When we endeavored to rally 
them," says Washington, " it was with as much success as 
if we had attempted to stop the wild bears of the moun- 
tains." The young colonel received no wound, though 



58 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

two horses were shot under him, and four bullets had torn 
their way through his coat. 

Braddock died four days after the battle, and the few 
remaining officers buried his body in the road over which 
the remainder of the army w^as to tramp in its continued 
retreat toward Philadelphia. The heavy tread of soldiers 
and horses soon removed every trace of the grave, leaving 
the body of the unfortunate general safe from Indian 
insult. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. It was very difficult for the governors of the EngHsh colonies 
to obtain money from the assemblies. 

2. The people of the various colonies were jealous of one another; 
they would not work together. 

3. At the Albany Convention a plan of united government for 
the colonies was discussed. The plan met with no favor from colo- 
nists or the English government. 

4. General Braddock was sent from England to take charge of the 
fighting against the French. He brought trained English soldiers 
with him. 

5. General Braddock planned four expeditions against the 
French which were all failures. 

G. Braddock himself was badly defeated not far from Fort 
Duquesne. __ 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "Montcalm and Wolfe," by Francis Parkman, Vol. I, pp. 213- 
221; 224-226. 

2. '' Stories of the Old Dominion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 123-139. 

3. '' Old Times in the Colonies," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 380-388. 

4. " George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 80-94. 

5. " George \Vashingtou," by E. E. Hale, pp. 59-85. 



A GREAT DISASTER 59 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of harmony, delegates, convention, congress, 
uniforms, dissolution, mortalbj, retreat, rulbj. 

2. Make a map (for your notebook) showing the places concern- 
ing which Braddock's plans were made. 

o. Discuss in class the questions: What quality in General 
Braddock's character made his defeat almost certain ? AVliat quali- 
ties are necessary to make a successful general ? 

4. Imagine yourself to be one of the Virginia militiamen who 
accompanied Braddock. Write the story of the battle as you might 
have told it to your friends and neighbors on your return. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

b. Important events (continued). 

3. General Braddock's coming to America. 

a. His plans. 
1. 

2. [See page 55. 

3. Illustrate by map.] 
4. 

b. His defeat. Why ? His death. 

c. Result — the English were much discouraged; the path 

across the mountains made by Braddock's soldiers 
served only as an easy road for the French and Indians 
in their raids on the English. 



IX 

ACADIAN EXILE AND EUROPEAN WAR 

1755 In only one of the plans for the year were the English 
successful ; and the story of this success is even sadder 
than the story of their failures. We have already spoken 
of Acadia, and of the trouble the English had there in 
trying to make loyal Englisli subjects of the people. The 
French did everything in their power to keep the Aca- 
dians discontented, and succeeded so well that the province 
was in a state of continual turmoil. For a long time the 
English governors of Acadia were patient, hoping that the 
people would see that the English wished to be their 
friends. But it was of no use. The Acadians were afraid 
of the English as heretics, and were constantly taught by 
their priests that if they took the oath of allegiance to the 
British king, their souls would be forever lost. 

At last it was decided to send soldiers to Acadia ; then, 
after trying once more to induce the people to take the 
oath, those who refused must be punished. The people 
were more obstinate than ever. It is thought that they 
believed a French fleet was coming to their rescue ; be 
that as it may, they flatly refused to take the oath, and 
the punishment fell. Such a punishment ! one that has 

(iO 



ACADIAN EXILE AND EUROPEAN WAR 



61 



roused the sympathy of the world ever since that dread- 
ful day. For it was decreed that the rebellious Acadians 
should be taken away from their pleasant homes and car- 
ried, shipload after shipload, to the colonies of the hated 
English — there to live, scattered among the feared and 
dreaded heretics, to begin life anew, with all their wealth 
of barn and storehouse left behind. 

The simple-minded Acadians could not believe that the 








4, SuV^^- 



An Acadian Farm. 



'>> 



cruel sentence would be carried out, until the ships arrived 
and the people were forced to go on board. It was a 
sorrowful scene. Friends, neighbors, sometimes even 
members of the same family, were separated in the con- 
fusion. The shrill cries of children searching vainly for 
their parents mingled with the feeble complaints of the 
old and helpless, and with the harsh voices of the soldiers 



62 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



urging all to haste ; while the whole gloomy picture was 
lighted up l^y the lurid glow" of flame — for the unhappy 
peasants were forced to watch their homes fall in heaps 




Embarkatiox of thk Acahlans. 

of ashes, to sliow tliem how useless it would be for them 
to attempt to return and begin the old life again. 

At last it was all over, and the ships left the harbor. 
All was silent and forlorn. Here and there gray pillars 
of smoke arose, marking the site of once happy lionies. 
Here and there a haggard face peered out from the edge 



ACADIAN EXILE AND EUROPEAN WAR 63 

of the forest, to see if all was quiet, and to gaze upon the 
desolation of the scene. For, in spite of the care of the 
English soldiers, some few of the Acadians had escaped to 
the woods. 

More than six thousand were carried away, and were 
landed in the various English colonies from Maine to 
Georgia. Their lot was a hard one, for they were home- 
sick and unhappy, besides being unwelcome in their new 
homes. The whole att'air was indeed the saddest of suc- 
cesses. 

In May, 17 50, after almost two years of actual fighting 1756 
in the New World, England declared war upon France ; 
and we shall now see how the struggle in the woods of 
America became a great European war, in which almost 
every nation on the continent had a part. France, Aus- 
tria, Russia, Sweden, and parts of Germany, all joined 
forces to fight against England and Prussia. There were 
many quarrels and many jealousies which led to this 
arraying of all Europe on one side or the other, and we 
need not ask what they all were. It is enough to know 
that England with her one ally, Frederick of Prussia, was 
to face the armies of the rest of Europe. 

Nor need we follow the course of the war, except in 
North America. We must notice, however, the difference 
which the new and greater struggle made in the attitude 
of the French government toward the war in America. 
From now on the great strength of the French army was 
kept in Em^ope, and little aid was given to Canada. A 



64 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

new commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, was sent from 
France, and when lie reached the scene of war, was left 
to shift for himself. Nevertheless, the years 1756 and 
1757 were years of victory for the French and of almost 
total failure for the English. 

One reason for this is to be found in the never ending 
quarrels between governors and assemblies, and the jeal- 
ousy of the colonies toward one another. But another 
and perhaps a greater reason lay in the utter useless- 
ness of the English commanders. One after another 
they came and failed and were withdrawn. So little 
did the English armies accomplisli that it is said that 
the end of 1757 saw not a sino-le village or hamlet of 
English-speaking people in the Ohio Valley or the 
basin of the St. Lawrence. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The Acadians had never been contented under tlieir new rnlers. 

2. There was so much trouble with them that the English deter- 
mined to put a st()[) to it. 

o. Soldiers were sent to Acadia. Under their direction the people 
were i)ut on board ship, and carried away from their homes to the 
English colonies. 

4. After two years of fighting in America, war was at last declared 
by England against France. 

o. This brought about a great European war, of which the Ameri- 
can struggle became only a part. 

6. During the next two years the French continued to be victori- 
ous. The English generals were not skillful enough to withstand 
Montcalm. 



ACADIAN EXILE AND EUROPEAN WAR 65 

THIXGS TO READ 

1. ''Montcalm and Wolfe," by Francis Parkman, Vol. I, pp. 234- 
284. 

2. "Old Times in the Colonies/' by C. C. Coffin, pp. 374-380. 

3. "Grandfather's Chair," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Part II, 
Chap. VIII. 

4. "Evangeline," by PI. W. Longfellow. 

T). "Stories of New^ France," by Machar and jMarquis, pp. 2fi4- 
283. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of loija!, suhjccfs, heretics, oath of allegiance, 
decreed, lurid, i>easaidt<, haggard, jH'ered, hatidet. 

2. Draw a inap (for yonr notebook) showing the location of 
Acadia. 

3. Draw a map of Enrope (for your notebook) showing in con- 
trasting colors the allies of France and those of England. 

4. Discnss in class the question : Were the English cruel and 
luijust in their punishment of the Acadians, or did the Acadians 
deserve the treatment they received ? 

5. Write about the removal of the Acadians. 

I. The people of Acadia — their homes. 
II. How the province came under English rule — the feeling 
of the people toward the English. 

III. The part taken in the trouble by the French officers of 
state and church in Canada. 

IV. The punishment of the Acadians. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

b. Important events (co)dinned). 

4. The removal of the Acadians — why — what became of 

them 
5. The Avar becomes a European conflict — parties on 
either side. 



X 



WITH WOLFE AT QUEBEC 

1758 With the new year — 1758 — there came a great change 
in the management of the war. In England, William Pitt, 

a man of wonderful ability, 
had become prime minis- 
ter, and nowhere is his 
ability shown more than 
in the American war. 
More soldiers, under care- 
fully selected officers, were 
sent over, and the tide of 
events began to turn. In 
July, 1758, Louisburg was 
again taken from the 
French ^-and in November 
Fort Duquesne fell into 
English hands. A new 
name — Fort Pitt — was 
given to the place, in honor 
of the great English statesman who was making possible 
English success in the Ohio Valley. 

In July of the next year Fort Niagara was taken, and 




William Pitt. 

(From an old print.) 



WITH WOLFE AT QUEBEC 



67 



at almost the same time Tieonderoga. The Ohio country 
was surely to be English. And now not only the Ohio 
country, hut Canada — Quebec itself, the center and the 
stronsj;hold of the French — was to be attacked. Were- 
member what Fnmklin said about fortified towns being 
hard nuts to crack, aud we almost wonder that the 
English tried to take this one, 
doubly fortified as it was by its 
position on a high Ijlutf overlook- 
ing the river, and by a strong cita- 
del guarded by the l)est of the 
French soldiers, under the leader- 
ship of the commander in chief, 
Montcalm. 

But they did try it, and in the 
spring of 1759 nine thousand men 
were placed on shipboard to sail 
up the St. Lawrence to (Quebec. 

Their leader was General Wolfe, a young man only a little 
more than thirty years old. Very young, you are think- 
ing, perhaps, for such a difiicult task as the taking of 
Quebec. Yes, he was young, Ijut he had already proved 
himself a gallant soldier. He was one of the group of 
officers appointed by William Pitt, and well did his selec- 
tion show the wisdom of that great man. 

In the latter part of June the English vessels came to 
anchor in the river four miles below Quebec. Tents were 
pitched on an island in the stream, and the soldiers busied 
themselves about the usual duties of the camp. In a day 




General ^AOlfe. 



1759 



68 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

or two everything was ready for a first attack, and the 
English cannon began to boom forth a summons to 
the French to give up Quebec. The Lower Town — that 
is, the part of the town at the foot of the bhiff — was soon 
in ruins, and even the Upper Town, about the citadel, was 
made to suffer from English shells. But the citadel — the 
strong old fortress — showed no sign of giving up. 

Early in July Wolfe moved his camp to the mainland, 
and a few weeks later a severe battle was fought not far 
from the camp. The English were driven back, and 
seemed farther than ever from capturing Quebec. Wolfe 
was ready to make another attack, but his officers per- 
suaded him not to try it. He was suffering from a fever, 
and for days w^as not able to leave his tent. But his 
active brain never stopped working on the problem before 
him. 

It was resolved to move the camp to a place on the 
river, above the city, and to try there to find some way 
up the steep cliff, thus gaining the plains behind the 
town. The bank of the river was searched for such a 
pathway, and at last it was believed it had been found. 
Careful preparations were made. On_a dark night in 
September the men were silently rowed in small boats to 
the place selected, and were still more silently led i\^ the 
narrow, dangerous path. There were French guards at 
the top, but they were easily overpowered. And when 
the dawn broke over the citadel, the pale light of morn- 
ing fell on the red-coated English soldiers, drawn up in 
battle line on the plains outside the town. 



WITH WOLFE AT QUEBEC 69 

There was great excitement in the fortress when the 
news was told. Montcalm hastened to make ready for 
battle. His soldiers were poorly equipped — indeed, be- 
cause of the jealousy of the Canadian governor, it had 
been almost impossible for Montcalm to obtain supplies. 
But he had done all he could, and he entered the battle 
with a brave heart. 

It proved impossible, however, to drive the English 
back. Wolfe led the charge, and his men carried ever}'- 
tliing before them. The French broke into confusion. 
Montcalm did his best to stop their tliglit and received a 
mortal wound. Wolfe too was struck, and again, and yet 
again ! Both of these valiant commanders were to die — 
tiie one victorious, ''happy," as he said when dying, be- 
cause he could know that the French were " flying every- 
where " : the other sad, though he had done his duty 
nobly, and thanking God that he should " not live to see 
the surrender of Quebec." 

Five days after the battle the English soldiers entered 
the town and placed their garrison in the fortress. Wolfe's 
victory was the greatest achievement of the war. With 
Quebec lost, it could not be long before all of Canada 
would fall into British hands. And so it proved. About 
a year after the fall of Quebec, Montreal surrendered, and 
New France had become only a name. 

All through the long struggle which was to decide the 
fate of the French in America, their Indian allies had 
looked on anxiously. Now that the end had come, they 
found it hard to believe that their friends were really con- 



70 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

1763 quered. Poutiac, chief of the Ottawas, resolved to strike 
one more blow for the French and at the same time to rid 
the country of the hated English. Where the English 
came the red man was driven out, but French and Indians 
could live in peace and harmony. Pontiac's conspiracy 
was well planned, but it ended after all in failure, and the 
English were left in undisputed possession of the land they 
had conquered. 

Meanwhile the struggle in Europe showed no sign of 
coming to an end. Indeed, England had a new foe, — 
Spain, who joined her enemies in 1762. The genius of Pitt 
had been, however, shown in the Old World as well as in 
the New ; in 1757 the English had gained a great victory 
in the far-off land of India, where they and the French 
had been fighting for the mastery. And now the English 
fleets captured the French West India islands, and Havana, 
the Spanish stronghold in Cuba. It began to seem best 
to the French to make peace before they lost anything 
more. It was hard for them to face the fact that the 
empire of which they had dreamed was not to be theirs, 
and harder still to think of their territory as adding to 
the power and glory of their hated ri^^als, the English. 
There was, however, little hope of getting it back even 
if they kept on fighting. A treaty was signed in 1763, 
and the war — called the Seven Years' War in Europe, 
the French and Indian War in America — was over. In 
the long struggle for the continent of America England 
had won at last. 



WITH WOLFE AT QUEBEC 



THE TREATY 



France 


KnGLAXI) 


Sp.^in 


Gave 


Gave 


Gave 


to Eiiylniid all terri- 


to Spain Havana. 


to England Florida. 


tory east of the Missis- 






sippi, except New Or- 






leans. 






to Sjxdn all the prov- 






ince of Louisiana not 






given to England. 






Betained 


Retained 


Retained 


West India islands and 


all former possessions. 


all former possessions 



two small islands 


in the 




in America except Flor- 


Gulf of St. 


Lawrence. 




ida. 


Received 






Received 


Received 


nothing. 






all the territory east of 
the Mississippi except 
New Orleans, and Flor- 
ida. 


Louisiana west of the 
Mississippi, and New 
Orleans. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Under the management of William Pitt, who became the Eng- 
lish prime minister, the American war was more skillfull}- conductetl. 

2. During IT^kS there were several important Engli.sh victories. 
jNIuch of the Ohio Valley was reclaimed for England. 

3. The war was carried into Canadian tei'ritory. Quebec was 
besieged and taken by General "Wolfe. This victory really decided 
tlie war in favor of the English. 

4. England gained some important victories in the European war. 
The Erench became willing to make peace. 

5. l>y the treaty France lost all her possessions on the continent 
of America. England gained the Ohio country, Canada, and Florida. 



74 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " American Leaders and Heroes/' by W. F. Gordy, pp. 136-144. 

2. " The Taking of Louisburg," by S. A. Drake, pp. 33-36. 

3. "Old Times in the Colonies," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 437-453. 

4. ^' Speech of Pontiac," in the Old South Leaflets. 

5. " With Wolfe in Canada," by G. A. Henty (a story). 

6. " Stories of New France," by Machar and Marquis, pp. 284-304. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of citadel, arJiievement, conspiracy. 

2. Find out what you can of the Quebec of to-day. If possible, 
obtain some pictures of the city. 

3. Make a map for your notebook showing the territory held in 
America by France, Spain, and England, at the close of the war. 

4. Talk over in class some of the reasons for the final failure of 
the French. 

5. Write an account of the taking of Quebec. 

I. Location of the town, its fortifications, difficulties to be 
overcome in capturing it. 
II. The English expedition, its commander. 
III. How the town was finally taken. 

[Your composition may be illustrated by a copy of 
Benjamin West's picture of the death of Wolfe.] 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK^ 

h. Important events (continued). 

6. English successes. 

[Place here the names of the places in the Ohio country 
captured by the English during 1758 and 1759.] 

7. Capture of Quebec. 

English general — French general — result of capture. 
c. Peace. 

The treaty. [Fill out as on p. 73, and illustrate by map.] 



XI 

LOOKING BEYOND THE TREATY 

No great war can come to an end without leaving i763 
Ijeliind it more and greater results than can be seen in the 
treaty which marks its close. So we must look for the 
results of the war whose story we have just laid aside. 

Looking upon the map which shows the American pos- 
sessions of France, England, and Spain in 1763, it is easy 
for us to see that the days of French power in the New 
World are at an end. With her vast territory divided 
between her friend Spain and her enemj' England, France 
must seek a new field for colonization, and will trouble 
North America no more. 

Spain and England, then, are left to share the continent. 
Shall we compare them for a moment? Spain, never 
Ijaving recovered her old power in Europe since the day of 
the " Invincible Armada," was at this time a rival little 
to be feared. You will remember that the Spanish settle- 
ments in what is now the United States were few and 
feeljle. The gradual decline of Spanish power made them 
still feebler. By exchanging Havana for Florida at the 
close of the war, England secured peace and security for 
her soutliern colonies, and made the whole Atlantic coast 
her own. 

75 



-^- 



k 



^^^ 








America at the Close of the Last French War. 



LOOKING BEYOND THE TREATY 77 

Tn proportion as Spain had grown weaker during the 
last century, England had been growing stronger ; and 
there was little doubt that she was the most powerful 
nation in the world. This fact could not but establish one 
of equal importance — it was to be the English language, 
English customs, English laws, and English people, with 
all their sturdy, freedom-loving traits, that were to flour- 
ish in this western world. It was the colonies that could 
make their own laws that were to thrive. It was these 
colonies that were to govern and control the continent of 
North America. And now that the enemies of the Eng- 
lish colonies had been removed, we shall see how rapidly 
the love of self-s;overnment asserted itself. 

The war time had been a time of great growth for all 
the colonies. Never before had the colonists taken part 
in affairs of such real importance. Never before had they 
fought with bodies of men large enough to be called 
armies. Never before had the assemblies voted on such 
important questions, or levied and collected such heavy 
taxes. And never before had they dared so obstinately 
to oppose the will of their royal governors, and thus indi- 
rectly the will of the king. They were growing stronger 
and bolder — they dared to think and to speak their 
thoughts. 

These then were the people who were to enter on the 
next great conflict — for the shadow of a new war was 
already hanging over America, a war that was to make 
Americans of the colonists, and a new nation in the New 
World. 



78 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The disappearance of French power in America left the conti- 
nent to England and Spain. 

2. Spain was now a rival little to be feared. England was at this 
time the most powerful nation in the world. 

3. The people of the English colonies had been occupied upon 
larger affairs during this war than ever before. 

4. They grew stronger and more self-reliant because of this. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of lecied. 

2. Discuss the questions : Why was the victory of the English 
important to the world ? Why was their victory important to the 
English colonists ? 

3. Learn the dates of the last French war — 1754-1763. 

4. Find out all that you can about Francis Parkman, the historian 
Avho has given us the best accounts of the French in North America. 
In looking up facts about him, find out if possible when and where 
he lived — whether he is still alive or not — whether his works are 
numerous — whether the writings we are interested in are among the 
greatest of his works. 

5. Try to get a picture of Parkman for your notebook. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK^ 

II. The last French war (continued). 

d. AVhy the victory of the English was important to the 

world. 

e. Why it was important to the English colonists. 

[Write under these two topics the opinion you have 
formed from your class discussion of these questions.] 
III. Tlie historian of Franc^e in the New World. 

[His name — picture — nationality — list of his works.] 



XII 

THE SHADOW OF WAR 

Had it not been for the presence of a powerful and dan- 
gerous enemy close at hand, an enemy whose movements 
had kept both the colonists and the home government 
busy, it seems likely that trouljle between the English 
colonies and the mother country might have come sooner 
than it did. We have already seen how jealous of their 
rights the colonial assemblies were, and the colonists as a 
whole upheld the assemblies. The constant quarrels with 
the royal governors were, of course, reported by the gov- 
ernors to the Lords of Trade — the men in whose hands 
the government of the colonies had been placed ])\ Parlia- 
ment. So many and so loud were the complaints of the 
governors to the Lords of Trade, that it is little wonder 
they came to regard the Americans as a quarrelsome people, 
and in need of the strongest and sternest of governments. 
The colonists, on the other hand, felt that they had griev- 
ances which quite justified all their protests. 

There were the Navigation Acts, for instance. Even as 
far back as 1645 the home government had begun to con- 
trol American commerce, and again and again had added 
to the laws on this subject. By these laws (1) all colonial 

79 



80 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

trade was to be carried on in ships built or owned in Eng- 
land, or in the colonies themselves. That is, the colonists 
were not to allow the cargo of a Spanish, a French, or a 
Dutch ship to be brought to America to be sold, nor to 
sell goods to the owners of such a ship to be carried to 
Europe*. 

(2) A long list of colonial products was made ; these 
products the colonists were forbidden to send to any ex- 
cept English ports ; that is, no tobacco or sugar could 
be sent to Holland or France, no matter how large 
a quantity the colonists had to sell, or how good prices 
they might be offered in those countries. Sometimes it 
happened, when the crop of tobacco was large, that the 
planters would have more to sell than the English mer- 
chants cared to buy. If so, they could not sell it at all — 
so ran the law. This seemed, and no doubt was, a great 
hardship to the people. 

(3) All European goods must be bought in England ; in- 
deed, even colonial goods sent from one colony to another 
must, if they were goods which might have been bought 
in England, be taken to that country first, and then brought 
back to the colony for which they were intended ; or, if 
this was not done, a duty must be paid to the home govern- 
ment on the goods. 

(4) The colonists were forbidden to import sugar and 
molasses from any place except the British West Indies, 
without paying a tax upon them. This, of course, cut off 
much of the colonial trade with the colonies of France and 
Spain in the West Indies, and the colonists protested loudly. 



THE SHADOW OF WAR 81 

Many of the merchants and shipowners of America — 
esjoecially in New England — broke these hiws over and 
over again. Goods from Holland were often cheaper, and 
sometimes better, than those from England, and the 
thrifty New Englanders always wanted to get their 
money's worth. So smuggling became common, and it 
was often quite impossible to tind out where it was 
going on. 

Even Ijefore the French war came to an end, an attempt i76i 
was made by the government to enforce the Navigation 
Acts. Customhouse officers in Massachusetts asked for, and 
received, papers giving them permission to search houses 
for snniggled goods. These papers were called ^* Writs of 
Assistance." The people were very indignant at the 
thought of the customhouse officers having the right to en- 
ter any one's house whenever they liked, and to look over 
his private belongings, just because they thought there 
mlfjlit be snniggled goods there. James Otis, a young lawyer 
of Boston, made a speech about it, in which he said many 
bold tlnnu's. But the writs were issued nevertheless. 

After the end of the Fi-ench war a new cause for disa- 
greement came up. It was decided in Parliament to send 
a force of ten thousand soldiers to America, and to keep 
them there in case of attack by England's enemies in some 
later war ; for nearly every one l3elieved that France and 
Spain would some day try to get back the territory they 
had lost in America. The colonists were not pleased with 
this plan to provide for their future defense. They did 
not want these troops in the country. Many Americans 



82 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

felt sure that the soldiers would some day l^e used to take 
away American liberties. And when they were informed 
that a small tax was to be laid by Parliament upon the 
colonies, to help support these soldiers whom they did 
not want, they were more angry than ever. Parliament 
had never before taxed the colonies ; whenever money had 
been required from them, the colonial assemblies had taken 
charge of the matter. 

The tax, the colonists were told, would take the form 
of a stamp duty. That is, all papers such as deeds, mort- 
gages, marriage certificates, bills of sale, — even almanacs 
and newspapers, — must have a stamp placed on them or 
be written or printed on stamped paper made in England. 
The money received by the officers who were to sell the 
stamps and the stamped paper would be used for the sup- 
port of the soldiers who were to be sent over. This law 
1705 was passed by Parliament in 1765. It was known as the 
Stamp Act. 

Immediately great excitement was aroused in the colo- 
nies. "What right," said the colonists, "has Parliament 
to tax us ? We have no members in Parliament. Let our 
own assemblies, to which we send representatives, lay our 
taxes. If we must give money to support these soldiers, let 
Parliament ask our assemblies for a grant. We will do our 
part. But taxation without representation is not just ! " 

There were men in England who believed that the 
colonists were right; and some of these men were mem- 
bers of Parliament, and voted against the Stamp Act, 
One of these men called the Americans who believed the 



THE SHADOW OF WAR • 83 

law to be unjust '' Sons of Liberty," and the name soon 
became popular in America. Secret societies were organ- 
ized under this name to uphold colonial rights ; we shall 
hear of them l)y and by. There were, on the other hand, 
many people in America who thought that the colonists 
had no right to protest against the action of Parliament, 
but should accept quietly the laws that were made for 
them. But these people w^ere not so numerous as those 
who took the other side of the question. 

It soon became clear that the stamj) tax could not be so 
" easily and quietly raised " as had been supposed by its 
advocates. Indeed anything less quiet than the behavior 
of the colonists can scarcely be imagined. While the 
assemblies of the various colonies were passing solemn 
protests against the act, and were appointing delegates to 
a convention or congress which should consider what was 
best to be done, the people of the whole country were 
reaching the point of taking the law into their own hands. 
Riots occurred in Boston and New York, images of the 
officers appointed to sell the stamps were burned, and other 
acts of violence were committed. In some places the 
stamps sent over from England were seized and burned or 
thrown into the sea. In one of the Boston riots the house 
of Chief Justice Hutchinson, who was believed by the 
people to have favored the act, was broken open, and his 
valuables scattered in the street. This shows what 
mistakes rioters often make, for it is now known that 
Hutchinson had done all he could to prevent the passage 
of the law. 



84 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 








y tiiii 



B S IB. 




iF^^^r"^^' 



Old Statehouse in Boston. 
(As it looks to-day.) 



THE SHADOW OF WAR 85 

In addition to all these things the Sons of Liberty sug- 
gested that Americans should stop buying British goods. 
The idea met with favor everywhere. It became a sort of 
'' fashion " to wear homespun garments, and many mer- 
chants agreed to import no more goods from England. 

The " Stamp Act Congress " met in New York in 
October. Almost all of the colonies were represented, and 
in most cases by their ablest men. The feeling in favor of 
united action by the colonies had grown since the days of 
the Albany Convention in 1754. "There ought to be no 
New England man, no New Yorker, known on the con- 
tinent : but all of us Americans," said one of the delegates. 
A "Declaration of Rights" was drawn up to be sent to 
the home government, and the Congress adjourned, after 
resolving that all the colonies must stand by one another 
whatever misfortunes might come. 

It began to be seen in Parliament that their " quiet 
little stamp duty " was raising a tempest about their ears. 
Many of the members wished to repeal the act, and the 
question was fiercely debated. At last it was voted to i766 
repeal it, and great was the joy in America when the news 
came. It is said that the people of London, many of 
whom sympathized with the colonists, were rejoiced at the 
victory of their kinsmen over the sea. William Pitt, who 
was strongly in favor of the American ideas in regard to 
" taxation without representation," was loudly cheered as 
he passed along the streets. 

The quarrel was over, it seemed, and the colonists ready to 
forgive and forget. And so passed the first shadow of war. 



86 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The people of the English colonies had some grievances against 
the home government. 

2. Chief among these were the Navigation Acts. These interfered 
serionsly with American commerce. 

3. To evade these laws, smuggling became common among the 
colonists. During the French war, the government tried to stop this 
liy issuing Writs of Assistance to customhouse officers. The peo- 
ple were very indignant. 

4. After the war ended the home government decided to keep ten 
thousand soldiers in America. The colonists were strongly opposed 
to this. 

5. To help support these soldiers. Parliament planned to tax the 
colonists. A Stamp Act was ])assed in 1765. 

6. The colonists protested loudly against the Stamp Act. There 
were riots in some places because of it. 

7. Parliament repealed the act the next year, though still assert- 
ing its right to tax the colonies. 

8. It was "■ taxation without representation " to which the colo- 
nists objected. 

9. The Stamp Act did much to increase the sentiment of union 
and united action in the colonies. 

10. No single colony was strong enough to successfully oppose 
the English government, but together they might accomplish some- 
thing. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 1-58. 

2. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 1-21. 

3. " True Story of the United States," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 84-88. 

4. "Grandfather's Chair," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Part III, 
Chaps. II and III. 

5. ''Stories of the Old Bay State," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 109-117. 



THE SHADOW OF WAR 87 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of navigation, diU}/, import, smvgyling, deed, 
mortgage, advocates, riots, violence, declaration, repeal. 

2. There are many (questions concerning this chapter which it 
Avill be well for you to discuss in class. Below are some of them : — 

I. Are people justified in breaking laws they consider unjust, 
as the colonists did in smuggling goods? 
II. What are the dangers of riots ? Have they advantages ? 
Do they ever occur now ? 
III. Why did the colonists oppose the Stamp Act any more 
than we opposed the action of Congress a few years 
ago when stam])s were used to pay the expenses of the 
Spanish "War? 

3. Write about the Stamp Act. 

I. By whom it was i)assed — what it required of the colonists 
— for what i)urpose it was designed to raise money. 
II. Why the colonists opposed it — how they showed their 
disapproval. 
III. The action then taken by Parliament. 

4. Prepare yourself to write a clear answer to the question: 
What is meant by *' taxation without representation " ? 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

Part III. The Struggle for Independence. 
I. Cause. 

[Write here what you understand to be the cause.] 
II. Events which led to the war. 

[There are three of these events mentioned in this chapter. 
Write these under this heading, leaving room for the rest 
as we come to them.] 



XIII 

A KING WHO WISHED TO BE A REAL KING 

The good feeling produced iu America and among 
America's friends in England by the repeal of the Stamp 
Act did not last long. Even though this attempt to tax 
the colonies had proved a failure, a majority of the mem- 
bers of Parliament believed that some plan might be devised 
which would accomplish the desired result. Few of them 
understood that the question iu American minds was 
anything more than one of money. 

A few far-seeing men like Pitt and Burke and Barre 
could see that it was the familiar English principle of 
self-government that the colonists had struggled for ; and 
they were ready to warn Parliament to let the ^vhole 
question alone. But Parliament would not be advised. 
Many of the members believed that something must be 
done to show the colonists that Parliament had the rio-ht 
to tax them or to rule them in any and every way, if it 
chose to do so. So they went blindly on into one of those 
blunders that some one has said "are worse tban crimes." 
1767 In June, 1767, a new taxation act was passed. It was 
founded upon a belief that a duty upon imports would be 
paid by the colonists without resistance, even though they 



A KING WHO WISHED TO BE A REAL KING 89 

had objected so strongly to a direct tax. Duties were 
placed by the new law upon glass, painter s colors, and 
other materials, upon paper and tea. 

Once more there was great excitement in America, but 
this time there were no riots. The trouble was evidently 
too deep to be reached by " mob law." There were, no 
doubt, heated arguments among the colonists as they met 
on the streets, in the taverns, or about their daily work ; 
for we must remember that there were people in the 
colonies who believed that Parliament was right, and who 
had no thought of resistance or protest against its laws. 

In England the two great political parties were the 
Whigs and the Tories ; and in America there were, of 
course, Whigs and Tories too. Tha colonists had always 
been fond of political discussions, and they all had their 
opinions as to events in England. Now that the questions 
coming up in Parliament affected so closely the people of 
America, party feeling became stronger. To be a Tory, 
that is, to believe that Parliament was right and his fellow 
Americans wrong, made a man's Whig neighbors and 
friends feel that he had not a proper love for his native 
lanel, America. And yet many of the American Tories 
had no thought of being false to their native land. They 
were honest in their belief that Parliament was right, and 
they could not see how their countrymen could think of 
opposing the king and Parliament, their rightful rulers. 

There was, however, plenty of opposition, although it 
was of a less violent kind than when the Stamp Act was 
passed. The assemblies as before drew up protests against 



90 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

the law, while the people at large resolved once more to 
stop buying British goods. Some money was paid in 
duties to the custom officers, but the amount was so small 
and the cost of collecting it was so great that like the 
Stamp Act the plan had to be given up. 

" But it will never do," said the blunderers, " to give it 

up entirely. We shall be admitting that we are wrong if 

1770 we do." So while they promised to repeal the rest of the 

act, the tax on tea was kept just to show that Parliament 

still maintained its right to levy taxes if it chose. 

The king of England at this time was George III. 
Since the time of Charles I, the king who had been 
beheaded, and of James II, whom the j^eople drove from 
the land, there had been no king who wished so strongly to 
really rule the country himself as did George III. But that 
was not so easy now for a king to do as it had been in 
earlier times. By laws made in 1688, when the throne 
was taken from James II, and given to William and Mary, 
so much power had been given to Parliament that the king 
could no longer rule as he liked. During the last two 
reigns before that of George III, the king had had very 
little actual power, and the country was really ruled by 
Parliament, and especially by the members of Parliament 
who formed the cabinet, with the " prime minister " at its 
head. And Parliament at this time was in the hands of 
the Whig party, whose leaders were thus the real rulers 
of the land. 

When George III became king, he determined to be a 
real ruler. It is said that all through his childhood his 



A KING WHO WISHED TO BE A REAL KING 91 

mother had said to him, '' George, be king " ; and surely he 
had learned the lesson well. But how should he really 
rule ? He could not dissolve the Parliament, and rule 
without it, as Charles I had done. He must get his power 
through the members of Parliament and the cabinet 
ot!icers. So he set to work to make friends anions them. 
Whom do you think he chose for his friends ? The 
wisest and best men of England ? No, for if they were 
wise they would not be willing to be led by the king, but 
would wish to be leaders themselves. So the " kino-'s 
friends," as they came to be known, were usually the 
weaker men, who would do just as the king wished, or 
even bad men, who cared nothincr for rio-lit and wronu:, 

' <j CD O' 

but wanted to be in favor with the king. 

It was one of the " king's friends " who proj^osed the tax 
on tea, glass, and the other articles ; and the king was 
perhaps the loudest of any in saying that the colonists 
must be made to see that Parliament could rule them in 
any and every way. 

There was one reason why the king and his followers 
were anxious to have this question of taxation and repre- 
sentation in the colonies settled. If it were once decided 
that Parliament could make laws for people who had no 
representatives in Parliament, it might also settle a trouble- 
some question at home. For there were in England itself 
many thousands of people who elected no representatives 
to Parliament. No chang;e had been made in the assign- 
ment of meml^ers for two centuries, and in that time many 
new towns — large towns, some of them, such as Leeds and 



92 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Birmingham and Manchester — had sprung up, and had 
no members in Parliament at all. 

On the other hand, some members in Parliament repre- 
sented old towns which had dwindled away nntil there were 
no voters left to elect a representative. If a man wanted 
to become a member for one of these " rotten boronsji-hs " 
as they were called, he could not be really elected, and 
usually bought the seat from the men who owned the 
land. Thus the British Parliament no longer truly repre- 
sented the people, and many men in England were talking 
of the need of reform. 

For many reasons King George wanted no reform. 
He preferred Parliament as it was, with many of his 
" friends " among the members, who would vote Yes or 
No on any question as he wished them to do. So we find 
the king always against the colonists on the question of 
" taxation without representation." From this time on it 
is the kiug and his friends in Parliament who are really 
responsible for the coming of w^ar. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Parliament passed a new taxation act the year after the repeal 
of the Stamp Act, 

2. This act placed a duty on all tea, paper, glass, and some other 
articles imported into America. 

3. There was much opposition in America to this law. 

4. Parliament removed the tax from all the articles except tea. 

5. The English king at this time was George III. He wanted 
more power than English kings had had since James II was driven 
from the throne. 



A KING WHO WISHED TO BE A REAL KING 93 

6. The question of " taxation without representation," which was 
causing so much trouble in America, seemed likely to cause trouble 
in England also. There were many towns in England which were 
not represented in Parliament. 

7. The king and his friends in the Tory party did not wish these 
towns to have representatives. 

8. For this reason they opposed the Americans in their struggle 
for liberty. If the Americans were subdued, it might settle the 
question in England also. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of Qaajority, mob laiv, political, cabinet, 
assignment. 

2. Discuss the question : What harm can it do for a government 
to admit that it is wrong, and to take back its acts ? 

3. Prepare a portfolio to contain pictures illustrating the Revolu- 
tion. A light-weight mounting paper — gray or black — is best for 
the purpose. The black paper which tailors use answers very well, 
and is not expensive. Cut sheets 7 by 10 inches. Punch holes in 
one of the short sides through which a cord may be tied. Use the 
outer sheet as a cover, lettering some appropriate title upon it. Do 
it all neatly, so that when the year's work is over you will be glad 
to keep the portfolio of pictures as a memento of your study, and of 
the struggle of our forefathers for freedom. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

[Add to the list of events which you began in connection with the 
last chapter. There is but one event mentioned in this chapter 
which belongs on the list.] 



XIV 



REDCOATS IN BOSTON 



It was not long before another grievance 
had arisen. The members of Parliament 
were becoming as determined to have their 
own way as were the colonists, and they 
showed this determination in several dis- 
agreeable ways. Chief among these was the 
sending of two regiments of soldiers to Bos- 
ton in the autnmn of 1768. The king and 
Parliament regarded Massachusetts as more 
rebellious than the other colonies, so the 
soldiers were sent to Boston. 

The people of the town were ordered to 
find quarters for the troops. The town 
officers offered the old 4>arracks at Castle 
William to the commander of the soldiers, 
but he refused to send the soldiers there. 
1768 His orders were to quarter them in the town, and not at 
(Jastle William on an island in the harbor. " But," said 
the town officers, " there is a law which states that Castle 
William must be occupied before any soldiers can be 
quartered in the town." 

94 




British 

SOLDIEK. 



REDCOATS IN BOSTON 



95 




Faneuil Hall. 

(Still standing in Boston and known as tlie "Cradle of Liberty.'') 

It was a cool aiitunni night. Must the soldiers sleep 
out of doors ? The town otticers were firm, though they 
did finally consent to the nse of Faneuil Hall l)y the sol- 
diers that one night. The next day the commander tried 
again, hut it was of no use. General Gage, who was 
commander in chief of the English forces in America, was 
sent for from New York, but still the town oflficers pointed 
to the law. At last tents were pitched on the Common, 
and the soldiers had to content themselves with camp life 
out of doors. When the weather Ijecame too cold, build- 
ings were hired for them at the king's expense. Thus the 
people gained at least a partial victory. 



9G A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

How those soldiers did hate the people of Boston ! And 
how the people hated the soldiers ! The soldiers would 
swagger along the streets when they were ott' duty, crowd- 
ing against the passers-by as though the town belonged to 
them. On quiet Sundays they would shock the people 
with their noisy drunken songs and laughter. The men of 
the town — tlie rougher class, which exists in every town — 
would stand about and make insulting remarks concerning 
the soldiers, who could not help but hear. The Ijoys — it 
would be easier perhaps to tell what the boys did not do to 
w^orry and torment the " lobster Ijacks " as they called 
them. And there was no lack of "paying back" on tlie 
part of the soldiers. 

Trouble was sure to come, and come it did, when the 
soldiers had been a year and a half in the town. Quarrels 
between soldiers and citizens were growing common. One 
night a party of British officers met James Otis, the bril- 
liant young Boston lawyer, in a coffeehouse ; a quarrel 
followed, in which Otis was so severely beaten that he 
never recovered from the effects ; in fact, as a result ho 
afterward lost his mind. In the spring of 1770, there were 
several street quarrels over trifles, or perhaps over nothing 
at all. There began to be much excitement in the town. 
1770 On an evening early in March a large crowd gathered 
near the soldiers' quarters. There was much loud talk by 
both soldiers and citizens, and soon snowl^alls and sticks 
were flying. But the soldiers were ordered into the bar- 
racks, and the crowd began to break up. Some went to 
torment the sentmel, who was pacing back and forth in the 



REDCOATS IN BOSTON 97 

snow-covered street. Some one rang the bell of a neigh- 
boring cliurch, and, thinking the sound to be an alarm of 
fire, men a|3peared from all directions. The crowd grew 
rapidly again, and its center seemed to be where the 
sentinel paced in the midst of his tormentors. 

The noise grew, and Captain Preston, the officer of the 
day, crossed the street with seven soldiers to give aid to 
the sentinel if he should need it. The nine soldiers, 
drawn up in line, faced the crowd of angry men and 
boys ; but, instead of quieting them, the sight of the 
soldiers seemed to make them lose what little self- 
control they had. Taunts and insults flew faster than 
before. The soldiers were dared to fire ; but probably 
not a man nor a boy in the crowd thought they would 
really do it. 

Suddenly in the midst of the shouts and clamor rang 
out the sounds of gun shots. In an instant the noise was 
hushed. Had the soldiers fired ? Their still smoking 
muskets answered " Yes," and nearly a dozen prostrate 
forms on the snow told the story yet more plainly. Once 
more the clamor broke forth, and this time there was a 
deeper ring in the hoarse shouts. Murder had been done, 
they cried, and with one accord the crowd dashed upon 
the little line of red-coated soldiers. But the governor 
had already arrived, and ordered the arrest of Captain 
Preston and his men. They were led away. The crowd 
lingered, while the bodies of the four dead and seven 
wounded men were borne to their homes. Then quiet 
descended upon the blood-stained street. Only the stars 



98 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




looked down upon the spot, to be known through coming 
years as the scene of the " Boston Massacre." 

Probably the best-known man in Boston at this time 
was Samuel Adams. Surely he was the leader of the 

patriotic colonists, who were 
beginning to call them- 
selves Americans and to 
resent and resist oppres- 
sive British laws. In the 
excitement which followed 
the Boston Massacre Samuel 
Adams was the central fig- 
ure. At the great mass 
meeting held next day in 
the Old South Church he 
was the leading spirit. 
" The soldiers must be re- 
moved," he said; and when 
the governor agreed to send 
one of the two regiments 
to Castle William, he it 
was who passed the watchword, "^k)th regiments or 
none " among the crowd, so that when the question was 
put to vote a deafening shout went up, " Both regiments 
or none ! " And when the governor and the commander 
of the soldiers were obliged to agree, and the last of the 
hated redcoats had gone to the Castle barracks, the name 
of Samuel Adams became known thi"oughout America as 
that of a fearless patriot. In the English Parliament they 



t^a *^V^y7aCcurrx<J 



REDCOATS IN BOSTON 



99 



called him names not half so complimentary, and talked 
of having him sent to England to be tried for his 
crimes. It is said that they called the two regiments 
in Boston " the Sam Adams regiments." 

Whose was the fault of the 
Boston Massacre ? Was it a 
massacre at all ? How was it 
different from any other street 
fight in which men have been 
wounded or killed ? These are 
questions which both then and 
now have received many and 
various answers. To the quiet 
people of Boston, massacre 
seemed none too strong a 
name for it. To them it 
seemed, also, that the fault 
was all with the soldiers. In 
England they would have told 
you that the unruly people of 
Boston should bear all the 
blame. It is difficult to say 
that the responsibility lies here 
or there. Most of us will 
decide to leave the question 
an open one. But one thing we may say, that the Bos- 
ton Massacre produced a feeling in the people of Boston 
which was not easily forgotten, and which made excellent 
soil for the springing up of revolutionary ideas. 




(>M) SOITII LllUliCll, JJOSTUN. 



100 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Parliament sent soldiers to Boston, which was considered the 
center of rebellious notions. 

2. There was much quarreling between the soldiers and the people. 

3. In a street fight some soldiers fired into the crowd, killing and 
wounding a number of people. 

4. The people of Boston were very indignant. They demanded 
the removal of the soldiers, and the governor was obliged to comply. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "Grandfather's Chair," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Part III, 
Chaps. IV and V. 

2. " From Colony to Commonwealth," by Nina M. Tiffany, pp. 
39-49. 

3. *' Stories of the Old Bay State," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 118-126. 

4. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 71-75. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of quarters, barracks, citizens, lyrostrate, mass 
meet ing, resjyonsibility. 

2. Place in your portfolio pictures of the Boston Massacre, Fan- 
euil Hall, the Old South Church, and the Old Statehouse, before 
which the Massacre took place ; also a portrait of Samuel Adams. 

3. Imagine yourself to be a Boston boy in 1770, the year of the 
Massacre. Imagine that you saw the whole affair. Write an account 
of it, as you might have told it to your mother on your return home. 

4. Discuss : Who should be blamed for the Massacre ? 

5. If you live near Boston, try to see the place where the Mas- 
sacre occurred, the Old Statehouse, the Old South Church, and the 
monument erected in memory of the victims of the Massacre. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

[Add two more events to your list of those leading to the war.] 



XV 

TEA AND A TEA PARTY 

Going back once more to the question of taxation, we 
remember that by the latest act of Parliament there is 
left only the tax on tea. " Now," the bhmderers seemed 
to think, " the colonists will pay it. It is snch a little 
tax ! " And if it had been a question of money alone, 
very likely the colonists would have done so. But it was 
not a question of money alone, and the colonists felt that 
a little tax levied by Parliament was just as bad as a 
large one. 

Everywhere in the colonies the people said, " We will 
buy no tea." The old ladies, and perhaps the young 
ones, too, must have missed their '' cup o' tea," I think. 
What would they do at the tea parties which were so 
fashionable among the women of America? But one 
thino; was clear to the women of the colonies as well as to 
the men. If the tax on tea was unjust, then they must 
show the English lawmakers that they would not pay it, 
even if they never drank any more tea. 

Once more the English government had mistaken the 
American people, and once more the American people 
were showing; the determination that had been shown so 

101 



102 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

many times before, in the Pilgrims, in the hardy back- 
woodsmen of Virginia, in the sturdy Dutchmen of New 
York, and in the Quakers of Pennsylvania. 

The king was taking with each succeeding year a larger 
part in the government. He had succeeded in getting a 
prime minister, Lord North, who was willing in all things 
to follow the king's wishes. In fact, some one has said 
that during the years of Lord North's holding office '' the 
king was his own prime minister." 

" And so the Americans will buy no tea ! We must 
see about that," thinks the king. " Tea is spoiling in the 
storehouses of the East India Company because of the 
falling off of American trade ! And the East India Com- 
pany may be ruined all because of those rebellious colo- 
nists of ours ! Something must be done ! " And the king 
makes a plan. 

The price of tea in England depended upon two things. 
First there was the amount paid for it by the merchants in 
China or Japan ; then there was the expense of getting it 
to the English warehouses. This second expense was in- 
creased by the duty which the merchants had to pay on all 
tea imported into England. In America^ the price would 
be of course what it was in England, with the expense of 
getting the tea to America and the American tax added. 
The king's plan was to make tea cheap in America by 
allowing the East India Company to import tea into Eng- 
land for the American trade without paying the English 
duty. Then, he said, the Americans could buy English 
tea cheaper than they could smuggle it from Holland, as 



TEA AND A TEA PARTY 103 

many of them were now doing ; and, of course, they w^ould 
pay the tax without any complaint. Would they? Let 
us see if King George knew. 

Things began to look more cheerful for the East India 
Company. Ships were loaded with tea, and started on 
the voyage to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, in the 
autumn of 1773. Letters were sent appointing some one 11 
to receive the tea in each of these places, and the king 
confidently expected success for his plan. 

When the news reached America that tea ships were on 
the way to the principal American ports, there was stronger 
feeling than at any time since the passage of the Stamp 
Act. In Philadelphia, Charleston, and New York the peo- 
ple appointed to receive the tea were forced to resign, but 
those in Boston refused to do so. What should be done ? 
Many town meetings were held, and advice was asked 
from many sister towns. The answer of all was : " Stand 
firm. Do not allow the tea to be put on shore." 

At last tlie ships made their appearance. The time for 
standing firm had arrived. The captains and the own- 
ers of the ships were asked to send them back, without 
unloading, to England. They replied that they could 
not do so, but if the colonists would permit them to put 
the tea on shore, they would see that none was sold until 
w^ord could be received from England. This was not 
enough, and a constant watch was kept upon the wharf, 
where the ships lay, lest an attempt should be made to 
put the tea on shore. 

John Fiske, who has written a history of the time, says. 



104 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

" Sentinels were placed in the church belfries, chosen post- 
riders, with horses saddled and bridled, were ready to 
alarm the neighboring towns, beacon fires were piled all 
ready for lighting upon every hilltop, and any attempt to 
land the tea forcibly would have been the signal for an 
instant uprising throughout at least four counties." They 
were in earnest, these men of Boston. 

Twenty days were allowed by the customhouse laws 
for the unloading of a ship's cargo. If it was not unloaded 
in this time, the revenue officers were to seize the ship and 
have it unloaded themselves. It was important then that 
something should be done before the twenty days came to 
an end. Again and again the attempt was made to get 
permission from the custom officers for the ships to sail 
without unloading. The officers refused. The captains 
could not sail without this permission unless they wished 
to face the cannon at Castle William. 

The last of the twenty days came. A great mass meet- 
ing, greater than any of the preceding ones, was held in the 
Old South meetinghouse. The owner of one of the ships 
was sent to ask the governor for a pass for his ship. The 
governor was at his country house. Tlien the shipowner 
must follow him there. The meeting would wait. The 
afternoon wore away. Speeches were made, votes taken. 
It was resolved that whatever tlie governor's reply, the tea 
should not be put on shore. It grew dusky — now it was 
dark. Candles were brought in, and cast their flickering, 
uncertain light among the shadows. The assembly grew 
quiet. Now a bustle of entering men tells that the ship- 



TEA AND A TEA PARTY 



lOi 



owner has returned. The governor's answer ? It is " No." 
Then Samuel Adams, m a calm voice, which nevertheless 
reaches every corner of the dimly lighted room, says, 
" This meeting can do nothing more to save the country." 
What is that — a war whoop ? It seems almost as 
though the word of the patriot leader had been a signal, 




'•n 



!| 




the sound follows so close upon it. Whose are those 
dusky forms marching so silently by the church and down 
to the wharf ? Have Indian days come again in Boston ? 
Now they l^oard the ships — chest after chest of tea is 
handed up from the hold. Hatchets splinter the frail 
wood, and the tea is unloaded — into the sea ! Scarcely a 
sound is heard from the crowd gathered upon the wharf, 
and on board the ships everything is quiet save the sound 
of the hatchets and the soft rustle of the tea leaves as they 



106 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

find their way to the surface of the water. Now it is 
over. The ships are unloaded at last. The " Indians," 
who are really Boston citizens in Indian dress, leave the 
ships and disappear in the crowd. And this is the " Boston 
Tea Party." 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The colonists resolved to buy no tea. 

2. The king and his friends planned a way to make tea cheap in 
America without removing the tax. 

3. The king thought the Americans would then buy the tea, and 
several ship loads were sent over. 

4. None of the tea sent over to America was sold. In Boston 
the people refused to allow it to be landed. 

5. The customhouse officers refused to send the ships back to 
England without first unloading the tea. 

6. At last a l)and of Boston citizens disguised as Indians boarded 
tlie ships, broke open the tea chests, and poured the tea into the 
harbor. 

7. This act is known as the Boston Tea Party. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " American Leaders and Heroes," l)y W. F. Gordy, pp. 156-163. 

2. " Stories of New Jersey," by F. R. Stockton, pp. 93-101. 

3. "The American Revolution," by John Fiske, pp. 85-90. 

4. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 75-83. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of resign, post-riders, beacon fires. 

2. Describe as clearly as possible the king's plan for overcoming 
the objection of the Americans to paying the tax on tea. Tell why 
it failed. 



TEA AND A TEA PARTY 107 

3. Write the story of the Boston Tea Party. 
I. The coining of the tea ships. 
II. The efforts of the colonists to have them sent back to 
England without being unloaded. 

III. The last great mass meeting. 

Try to make your description of this a " word picture." 

IV. The scene at the wharf. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

[Continue your list of events leading to war.] 



XVI 

THE WAR CLOUD GATHERS 

"Was the Boston Tea Party a riot ? Was it the act of 
lawless men, who, forgetting that might does not make 
right, attempted to gain by force what they should have 
sought by law ? Shall we class it as an " act of violence," 
"an outrage," as some historians have done? Or shall 
we say with Fiske, " the moment for using force had at 
last, and through no fault of theirs, arrived ; they had 
reached a point where the written law had failed them " ? 

Whatever our opinion may be, there is no doul^t as to 
what the king and his ministers thouscht of it. '■' A titting 
end to years of riot and lawlessness," said Lord North, 
while another of- the king's friends exclaimed, " This is 
what comes of their wretched old town meetings." In 
spite of the protests of Edmund Burke^who made a great 
speech on the subject in the House of Connnons, and of 
Fox, Barre, and other men who saw the dangers into 
which the government was blindly stumbling. Parliament 
1774 proceeded to pass in April, 1774, five laws relating to 
American affairs, which took away the last possibility of 
a peaceable settlement of the quarrel. 

The laws were as follows : — 

108 



THE WAR CLOUD GATHERS 109 

1 . The Boston Port Bill, as a punishment for the " Tea 

Party," ordered the port of Boston to be closed to all 
vessels until the town should pay the East India 
Company for the tea destroyed. 

2. The charter of Massachusetts was suspended, and the 

government put entirely into the hands of the royal 
governor and the council he should appoint. Town 
meetings were forbidden except twice a year to elect 
town officers. At these meetings discussion on any 
suliject was forljidden. 

3. Any soldier or officer of the government uho should 

Ije accused of a ci'ime was to l)e sent to England for 
trial, lest the Americans should not give liim a fair 
trial. 

4. The laws which prevented the cpiartering of troops in 

Boston wei-e repealed. 

5. An act relating to Canada, which extended Canadian 

territor}^ to the Ohio and the Mississippi, thus cover- 
ing nuich that was claimed by some of the colonies. 

There was a general feeling in Parliament that the 
Americans could ))e easily frightened into submission. 
General Gage, who was at home for a visit, boasted that 
with four regiments he could very shortly make an end of 
the whole trouble. Parliament seems to have taken him 
at his word. He was made governor under the new law 
of the rebellious colony of Massachusetts, and speedily 
embarked with his four regiments for Boston. As soon 
as he arrived the Port Bill went into effect. 

Scarcely any punishment could have been harder for the 



110 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

people of Boston to l3ear. Her commerce was Boston's 
chief industry. Without it there could not fail to be 
hardship and suffering. Bnt we know the people well 
enough )jy this time to know that they would endure the 
hardship rather than submit to what they considered 
mjustice. 

Boston was a quiet city in these days. No ships, proudly 
casting the spray from their bows, came to their places at 
the loni>' wliarves. The wharves themselves were silent 
and deserted, the great warehouses closed, even many of 
the shops shut up because their merchandise had all been 
sold. The sun shone on a lonely harbor, where no white 
sails dotted the l)lue sky and waves ; on sileut streets, 
where the rumblinsj; of heavy wheels was seldom heard. 
These were dull days for the merchants, and hard days 
for the poor. 

Quite contrary to the opinion of the king and his fol- 
lowers, sympathy for Boston was quickl}' expressed, not 
only by surrounding towns, but by all the colonies. The 
people of Virginia or New Yoi'k could not tell what day 
their owni liberties might be attacked. "• Boston is suffer- 
ing for ns all," they thought. " If lioston is subdued, it 
will 1)6 our turn next. We must help Boston to resist 
these unjust laws." And so droves of cattle were sent to 
Boston, and provisions of all sorts, as free gifts to the peo- 
ple. Of course nothing could come by sea. The gifts 
were sent either l)y land, or if Ijy water, were landed at 
Marblehead or Salem. These towns had offered the use 
of their wliarves to Boston merchants quite fi-ee of charge. 



THE WAR CLOUD GATHERS 



111 



Patrick Henry of Virginia, who had become known at 
the time of tlie Stamp Act as a fearless advocate of Ameri- 
can rights, now made a speech in the Virginia assembly 
which roused the whole countr}'. When he cried : " The 
war is actually begun ! The next gale that sweeps from the 
north will bring to our 
ears the clash of resound- 
ing arms ! Our brethren 
are already in the field ! 
Why stand we here idle ? 
What is it that gentle- 
men wish ? What would 
they have ? Is life so 
dear, or peace so sweet, 
as to be purchased at the 
price of chains and slav- 
ery ? Forbid it. Almighty 
God ! I know not what 
course others may take ; 
but, as for me, giyk 

ME LIBERTY OR GIVE 

ME DEATH ! " the excitcmeut was intense. 

It was decided that a congress should be called to dis- 
cuss affairs in Massachusetts, as had been done in the 
time of the Stamp Act. Massachusetts was invited to 
appoint the time and place for the meeting. Philadelphia 
was selected, and there on the 5th of September, 1774, 
came together what is known as the First Continental 
Congress. All the colonies except Georgia sent delegates, 




112 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



and Georgia agreed to indorse whatever the Congress 
might do. 

Each colony sent her ablest men. We find on the list 
of members not only Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry 
and George Washington, of whom we have already heard, 

but John Adams, John 
Jay, Richard Henry Lee, 
and others of wliom the 
world has heard many 
times since that day. 

''And what did the 
Congress do ? " you are 
thinking. What could it 
do ? It w^as not a law- 
making body. Its office 
was not government. It 
had come together to pro- 
test against the action of 
tlie English government, 
and that is what it did. 
A "Declaration of 
Rights^' w^as passed. An 
address to the people of 
England was drawn up, and another to the king. Then 
the members agreed that they would buy no British goods, 
and after appointing a second Congress to meet the next 
May, if affairs had not improved, the Congress adjourned 
October 26. Proljably the greatest good done by its meet- 
ing had been the increase of good feeling among the vari- 




c/trfvt^ C^^/UmJ 



THE WAR CLOUD GATHERS 113 

oiis colonies. They were now ready to work together for 
a common cause. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Parliament now passed five laws relating to American affairs; 
all of these laws angered the colonists. 

2. Three of these laws applied directly to Massachusetts. 

3. The Boston Port Bill caused great suffering in Boston. 

4. The other colonies were sympathetic, and offered their aid to 
relieve the suffering. 

5. General Gage was made military governor of Massachusetts. 

6. The people of the whole country grew bitter in their feeling 
toward the home government. A Congress was called to consider 
what might be done. 

7. The trouble with the mother country drew the colmiies closer 
together in sympathy. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " Stories of the Old Dominion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 158-179. 

2. " American Leaders and Heroes," by W. F. Gordy, pp. 116-154. 

3. " The Boys of '76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 21, 22. 

4. Speech of Patrick Henry, which may be found in " Stepping 
Stones to Literature," for Seventh Grade, p. 180. ■ 

5. " The Story of the Revolution," by Henry Cabot Lodge, pp. 
1-12. 

6. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 83-87. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of outrage, submission, tvareJiouse, merchan- 
dise, indorse, adjourned, intolerable. 

2. Form an opinion on the questions suggested in the first para- 
graph of the chapter. Remember that an opinion on such a subject 



114 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

cannot be formed hastily. Do not conclude that "our side is the 
right side " unless you can tell why you think so. 

3. Make as full a list as you can of the members of the First 
Continental Congress. 

4. Add to your portfolio the portrait of Patrick Henry, a picture 
of Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, where the Congress held its 
meetings, and one of Patrick Henry delivering his great speech. 

5. Write two paragraphs in which you contrast Boston before and 
after the Port Bill went into effect. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

[Add to your list the passage of the "five intolerable acts." 
Explain briefly what these were.] 



XVII 

THE STORM BREAKS 

Instead of beiug frightened into submission by Gen- 1774- 
eral Gage and his four regiments, it began to look as if ^"'^ 
the people of Massachusetts were even daring to think 
of resistance with guns and swords if need be. They 
were certainly making preparations for some military 
enterprise. There was scarcely a village in all New Eng- 
land in which these 43reparations might not be seen. 

In the long twilight of the autunni afternoons, after 
the early supper, the men and boys would gather on the 
common with their old muskets. Then some veteran 
of Louisburg or Quebec would take command, and the 
drill would commence. The drillmaster w^ould grow ex- 
cited as the memory of old days crept over him, and even 
the youngest in the company would catch his enthusiasm. 
Loud and fast would come the orders, until at last, when 
the shadows had grown black and the drill was over, 
every one would he hot and panting. 

Then the walk home — little groups of two or three, 
talking earnestly, wondering if it would come to war at 
last ; some hot-headed youths hoping that it would, and 
boasting loudly of what they would do to the redcoats. 

115 



IIP) 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARB^ARE 



But the older men — the men who had fought and seen 
the terrors of war — would shake their heads sadly, hop- 
ing that somehow the trouble might still be settled with- 
out bloodshed. Still, if war must come, they were ready, 
and the firm lines of the strong old faces told what being 
ready meant to them. 

Thus the drilling went on all through the fall and 
winter. Certain men from each militia company were set 



* Concord 




The Vicinity of Boston. 



apart as " minutemen." These were to hold themselves 
in readiness, " at a minute's notice," to drop plow or 
ax or hammer, to spring from their beds at midnight if 
need be, when the alarm should come. For the colonists 
were waiting for General Gage's soldiers to strike the first 
blow. Every man and every boy, every woman and every 



THE STORM BREAKS 117 

child in all Massachusetts knew that in this way only 
could they keep the sympathy of the other states. And 
without that sympathy Massachusetts would be too weak 
to withstand the strength of England. 

Hand in hand with the drilling of the militia went the 
gathering of military stores. This was slow work, for 
ammunition was not easy to obtain, and safe places for 
storage were hard to find. Gage's officers were always 
on the lookout for information ; indeed after fortifying 
Boston Neck, which he finished in November, Gage's 
principal work during the winter consisted of watching 
" the rebels " and of two attempts to seize part of their 
stores, both of which failed. 

It was on the whole a quiet winter. Too quiet, thought 
the king and Parliament. Had they not sent Gage with 
his four regiments to settle the whole affair? What had 
he done ? Gage was a failure. They appointed a new 
commander in chief. General Howe. Before Howe could 
reach America, however. Gage had done something. Let 
us see what it was. 

In the winter orders had been sent Gage to seize Sam- 1775 
uel Adams and his friend, John Hancock, another Boston 
patriot whose deeds were rousing the wrath of the king 
and his friends. Adams and Hancock were to he sent to 
England to be tried there for their misdeeds. Gage found 
it a little hard to carry out these orders, but at last he be- 
lieved his opportunity had come, when he heard that tlie 
two friends would pass the night of April 18 in the vil- 
lage of Lexington, eighteen miles from Boston. 



118 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Gage planned a double expedition. Eight hundred 
men were to set out by night, and, if possible, without 
the knowledge of the townspeople. Going first to Lex- 
ington, they would seize the rebel leaders« Then they 
would march to Concord, a neighboring village, where 

they were to de- 
stroy the military 
stores which they 
knew the colonists 
had been collecting 
there. This expe- 
dition }nust be a 
success, and suc- 
cess depended upon 
secrecy. Not a 
word of the plan 
should reach the 
ears of the Ameri- 
cans. It was a 
good plan — if 
General Gage 
really wanted to 
begin a war. 
Whether he wanted 
to do so or not, such a result could hardly fail to follow. 
And the plan had a weak spot, too. The secrecy so care- 
fully intended was somehow broken, and the Boston Sons 
of Liberty became sure that some expedition was on foot. 
The nig;ht of the eighteenth came. The British soldiers 




THE STORM BREAKS 119 

silently formed outside the barracks, and as silently began 
their march. But stealthy watchers saw every movement, 
and the soldiers were not the only men to leave Boston 
that night. While the " regulars " were marching, at first 
cautiously, with no sound but hushed footfalls, then, when 
the town lay like a heavy shadow behind them, more freely 
and with heavier tread ; while with little thought of com- 
ing trouble they talked perhaps of the rebels they were 
sent to capture, and the rebel stores they should destroy ; 
two horsemen were speeding along two lonely country 
roads, — William Dawes and Paul Revere, — going out to 
warn Adams and Hancock to escape their would-be cap- 
tors, to give the alarm in Lexington and Concord that 
the minutemen might be assembled, and the stores safely 
hidden from prying British eyes. 

On through the dark night they rode, and wherever 
either paused to shout his message of alarm, lights began 
to twinkle in farmhouse windows, doors to clatter, and 
hastily dressed men to appear and hurry off into the night. 
Soon bells began to ring, adding their notes of alarm to 
the unusual disturbance. Drawing rein before the house 
in which Adams and Hancock lay asleep. Revere found it 
guarded by eight minutemen. When they tried to stop 
the noise of his loud voice and the clattering hoof beats 
of his horse. Revere replied : " Noise ! You'll have noise 
enough before morning. The regulars are coming." There 
was no more talk of quiet. Revere and Dawes met here 
at Lexington, and together with a third horseman hurried 
on to warn the people along the road to Concord, and in 



120 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




The Old Xortii Chukcii. 



(From which a signal was shown to Paul Revere. Now known 
as Christ Church.) 



THE STORM BREAKS 



121 



Concord village itself. Their work was well done — to 
realize how well we must wait until the story of the day 
just breaking in the east is done. 

It is sunrise. When the first rays shine upon the green April 
in Lexington, they fall on fifty or sixty Lexington minute- jl*',^ 
men, with a brave old soldier who had been with Wolfe at 
Quebec at their head. They fall on dusty columns of red- 
coated soldiers just coming in sight along the road ; they 
will soon fall on 
the first bloodshed 
of the American 
Revolution. 

"Stand your 
ground. Don't 
fire unless you are 
fired upon," says 
Captain Parker to 
the minutemen ; 
" l3ut," and I fancy 
his face grows 

stern as he speaks, " if they want a war, it may as well 
begin here." The redcoats are close at hand, with Major 
Pitcairn at their head. '• Disperse, ye rebels, disperse," 
he cries. The minutemen stand firm. Angrily Pitcairn 
repeats his command, and follows it by an order to his 
men to fire. They hesitate. The major fires his own 
pistol. Then the muskets of the regulars ring out, and 
the minutemen are beginning to return the shots. But 
Parker orders them back — the fight is too unequal. 




Lexington Common. Stone marking 
Line of Minutemen. 



122 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Eight men are killed, and ten wounded. The war has 
begun ! 

Adams and Hancock cannot be found, and there is noth- 
ing to keep the soldiers longer in Lexington. The first 
part of the expedition is a failure. They hurry on to Con- 
cord to destroy the stores. Here again failure awaits them. 
The stores like the rebel leaders have disappeared. A few 
cannon, and some barrels of flour are all the soldiers can 
find. These they destroy, and are busy chopping down 
the liberty pole and setting fire to the Courthouse, when 
somethhig not in the British plan happens. 

While tlie sun lias been creeping higher in the l)lue 
April sky, minutemen have been hurrying to Concord 
from all the countryside. There are now more than four 
hundred of them gathered on the hill just over the river 
from the village. Two hundred British soldiers guard 
the bridge across the river. The minutemen sweep down 
upon them. There is firing on both sides. The minute- 
men charge across the little bridge. The redcoats yield 
— are driven back. The bridge is won. The minutemen 
rest on their arms. The soldiers fall back into (Joncord 
village. — 

It is noon. The soldiers are beginning their march back 
to Boston. The things they were sent to do they have not 
accomplished. They are tired and hungry; but they dare 
not rest, for the country seems swarming with minute- 
men. They must get back to the shelter of the men-of- 
war in Boston harljor. Even now as they start muskets 
begin to rattle, and an occasional ball to fall among 



THE STORM BREAKS 



125 




The Struggle at the Concord Bridge. 



them. As tliey march along the road the minutemen 
follow through neigliboring fields and orchards. Behind 
trees, kneeling in the shadow of the stone walls, — every- 
where, it seems to the tired and confused soldiers, — the 
rebels await them. They must march faster. Now they 
turn and fire a volley against their almost unseen pur- 
suers. Now on again — all order is lost. The British 
soldiers are flying for their lives. 

It is two o'clock. The soldiers have reached Lexing- 
ton. Here they are met by Lord Percy with twelve 
hundred men. These are formed into a hollow square, in 
which the exhausted men are inclosed, and shut away 



12G 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



from their j)ursuers. After an hour's rest, the march 
is resumed. The old story is repeated. So large is the 
number of Americans swarming before, alongside, behind 
the soldiers, that one officer says, '-It seems as though 

they have dropped from 
the clouds." Faster and 
faster go the troops, and 
no attempt is made to 
keep the order of the 
lines. Again it is a 
flight for life. 

It is sunset. The 

troops are at last in 

sight of Charlestown and 

the protection of the 

men-of-war. They are 

running now at full 

speed. The road for 

miles back is strewn 

with dead and wounded, 

but there is no time to 

stop^r them. Muskets 

are thrown away, and the scarlet coats are powdered with 

dust and spattered with mire. At last the town is 

reached and the shelter of the guns. 

The day of Lexington and Concord is done. It has been 
only a little battle, scarcely a skirmish, but a great day for 
the world. It is the people's day, and it means that in years 
to come it shall be the people who shall rule the world. 




The Minuteman at Concokd. 



THE STORM BREAKS 127 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The colonists began preparations for a possible war. Com- 
panies of militia were drilled, and military stores collected. 

2. Gage received orders to seize Samuel Adams and John Han- 
cock, and to send them to England for trial. 

3. He planned an expedition for this purpose, which at the same 
time should capture some of the American military stores. 

4. At Lexington, whither the soldiers went first to capture the 
patriot leaders, a slight encounter took place between the soldiers 
and the minutemen they found awaiting them. 

5. Proceeding to Concord, the soldiers tried to find the stores. A 
large body of minutemen attacked them, and drove them across the 
bridge. 

6. All the way back to Boston the minutemen followed the sol- 
diers, so that the retreat became really a flight for life. 

7. This day, April 19, 1775, marks the actual beginning of war. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. ''The American Revolution," by John Fiske, pp. 120-125. 

2. " The Story of the Revolution," by Henry Cabot Lodge, pp. 
25-40, 42-52. 

3. " American Leaders and Heroes," by W. F. Gordy, pp. 165- 
174. 

4. " True Story of the United States," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 93- 
100. 

5. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 
34-41. 

6. "The Story of Massachusetts," by E. E. Hale, pp. 250-265. 

7. " The Boston Tea Party," by Henry Watson, pp. 22-43. 
j 8. " The Boys of '76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 17-41. 

! 9. " From Colony to Commonwealth," by Nina M. Tiffany, pp. 
70-114. 

10. " Paul Revere's Ride," by H. W. Longfellow. 



128 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of veteran, military stores, stealthy, disperse, 
volley, sl:irmish. 

2. Make a map of the neighborhood of Boston. Show on it 
Lexington, Concord, and tlie route of the sohliers. 

3. Obtain pictures of the Okl North C'hiirch, Lexington green, 
the fight at Lexington, Concord bridge, and the statue of tlie minute- 
man. Place these in your portfolio. Small copies of these same 
pictures may be placed in your notebook if you wish. 

4. Learn the date, April 19, 1775, as the time when the war actu- 
ally began. 

5. Discuss the meaning of the inscription on the statue of the 
minuteman : " Here the embattled farmers stood, and fired the 
shot heard round the world." 

6. Discuss the results of the Lexington and Concord fight. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

III. The war begun — the campaign around Boston. 
a. Lexington and Concord — April 19, 1775. 

[Tell the purpose of the British expedition, why it failed, 
and what you can of its results.] 



XVIII 

CONGRESS IN rillLADELrillA WAR IN" BOSTON 

The news of Lexington and Concord spread like wildfire 
tlirongliont New England. Men from at least twenty- 
three towns arrived in time to have a share in the fight, 
and more were coming all the time. Among them were 
Jolni Stark from New Hampshire, with a band of vol- 
imteers ; Nathanael Greene from Rhode Island ; Israel 
Pntnam and his company of militia ; and Benedict Arnold, 
with about sixty students and citizens of New Haven. 
These are all men of whom we shall hear l)y and by. Day 
by day the number grew, until in less than a week 
General Gage found himself and his soldiers shut into 
Boston by a long semicircular line of sixteen thousand 
Americans, extending from Charlestown to Jamaica Plain. 
And thus matters stood when tlie Second Continental 
Congress assembled in Philadelphia early in May. 

The meml^ers of this second Congress were in many May, 
cases the same men who had attended the first. The ^'"^ 
most prominent among the patriot leaders were all there, 
and with them a man whose name is to-day better known 
than perhaps any of them except Washington. Why 
have you heard nothing before of Benjamin Franklin 

K 129 



130 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



during these troublous times ? Not because he was not 
interested in the cause of hberty. On the contrary he 
had given his whole time for several years to an attempt 

to adjust the colonial 
difficulties. But the 
scene of his labors 
during these years 
was England, where 
he remained, hoping 
until the last that 
some way out of the 
trouble might be 
found. He had 
only just returned, 
convinced at last 
that he could do 
nothing more for 
his country by re- 
maining. 

Franklin was al- 
ready an old man 
"when the Revolu- 
tion began. He 
Avas in his seventieth 
year, but strong in mind and body, and with a long life 
of usefulness to his fellow-men to look back upon. You 
must read something of that life to know how much good 
he had done. Then you can understand the respect and 
veneration his fellow-Americans had for him. 




CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA — WAR IN BOSTON 131 

The members of Congress found much to talk al)out 
when they reached the Quaker city, for many thhigs had 
happened since the}^ had parted in the autumn. And even 
as they talked another event was added to the number. 
Ethan Allen of Vermont, so the story was quickly passed 
from one to another, with a company of his " Green 
Mountain Boys," had crossed into New York, and surpris- 
ing; the o;arrison at Fort Ticonderou:a, had seized the fort, 
and with it a large (piantity of arms and annnunition. At 
the same time, another company of the Green Mountain 
Boys had captured Crown Point. The Hudson Valley was 
in the hands of the Americans. 

There was some shaking of heads when the stoiy was 
told in Congress. Of course, if there were really going to 
be a war, it would be a great help to control the Hudson 
Valley, and nothing could be more useful to the hastily 
gathered army around Boston than the stores from Ticon- 
deroga. But this was far from being defensive Avarfare. 
At length, however, Congress voted to garrison the forts, 
and soon after, to adopt the army at Boston as a " Conti- 
nental Army." 

The next thing was the selection of a conunander for 
the newly adopted army, and here the Congress performed 
one of the wisest acts of its whole existence. George 
Washington was unanimously elected as commander in 
chief, on the loth of June, and we know to-day how June, 
nobly he performed the duties of the position. Modest in ^"'^ 
his acceptance, as the truly great are always modest, 
Washington said, "Since the Cong-ress desire, I will enter 



132 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

upon the momentous duty, and exert every power I 
possess in their service and for the support of the glorious 
cause. But I beg it may be remembered by every gentle- 
man in the room that I this day declare, with the utmost 
sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I 
am honored with." 

A few days later he set out for Boston, Ijut l^efore he 
reached the town still another blow had been struck for 
freedom. General Howe had arrived with two other gen- 
erals of whom we shall hear later — Clinton and Bur- 
goyne — and with soldiers enough to make the British 
force ten thousand men. The New England army, ill- 
supplied and undisciplined as it was, still remained in its 
position, shutting the British into the town. The object 
of the Americans was to force the British to take to their 
ships and leave Boston. Of course, with no fleet of their 
own, they could hope to do no more, and even that was to 
be slow work. 

There were two positions of importance in the neighbor- 
hood which as yet neither side had attempted to fortify. 
These were Breed's or Bunker Hill in Charlestown, and 
Dorchester Heights on the other side— t)f Boston. The 
Americans resolved to fortify Bunker Hill. On the night 
of the sixteenth of June a detachment of sixteen hundred 
men was sent out under Colonel Prescott to fortify it. On 
reaching the spot Prescott resolved to go a step farther 
and take possession of Breed's Hill. There his men began 

'j"" throwing up earthworks. 

1775 In the morning the British generals saw with astonish- 




The Spirit of '76. 



CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA — WAR IN BOSTON 135 



ment what had been done. It would never do to let the 
rebels remain there. With a few cannon on that high 
ground they could drive the British to their ships. Prepa- 
rations to attack the hill were made. There was one 
sure way of dislodging the Americans. The British had 
only to go around by sea, 
and taking possession of 
Charlestown Neck, keep the 
Americans where they were, 
and wait until hunger forced 
them to surrender. Pres- 
cott had not thought of that 
when he selected Breed's 
Hill instead of the one he 
was sent to fortify. Pres- 
cott's blunder, however, was 
more than balanced by that 
of the British generals. The 
sea route was too slow for 
them. It would be easy 
enough to charge the rebels 
on the hill and drive them 
off. There wasn't any fight in them. So thought the 
British generals. So soon had they forgotten Lexington. 
General Howe took command of the attacking party. 
Up the hill came the soldiers with their scarlet coats 
gleaming in the sunshine. Prescott's command to his 
men had been, " Don't fire until you can see the whites of 
their eyes." The men obeyed. When they did fire, 




I'liKSCOTT StATLK, Bl N'KKi; IIlLL. 



136 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

even trained British regulars could not long withstand 
such fearful volleys. The ranks were broken, and the 
soldiers retreated down the hill. Again they formed, ad- 
vanced, retreated, and the Americans were jubilant. So 
long a time elapsed it was thought the soldiers were not 
going to try it again. But they did, and the Americans 
now found with dismay that their powder was almost 
gone. There was nothing left l)ut retreat or capture. 
The Americans retreated, and left the British in posses- 
sion of the hill. 

This then was a British victory, but it was a hardly won 
victory after all. " I wish we could sell them another hill 
at tlie same price," said Nathanael Greene. The Ameri- 
cans were anything but downcast at their defeat. Had 
they not twice driven back trained British soldiers ? 
And the British were not very joyful over their victory. 
Their respect for the Americans as fighters had grown 
amazingly. 

Messengers bearing the news of Bunker Hill met Wash- 
ins'ton not far from Philadebihia. He listened to the 
story, asking but one question, '-Did the uiilitia fight?" 
then pressed on toward Boston. Arriving there, he took 
formal command of the troops, and entered on a slow and 
ditticult piece of work, — to make an army of the fourteen 
thousand undisciplined men before him. The autunui 
and winter in Boston were uneventful, but Washington's 
work during that time cannot be too highly praised. Until 
February he had not powder enough to dare attempt an 
attack, but he used the time of waiting so well that when 



CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA — WAPi IN BOSTON 137 







the moment to act came, the army as well as its com- 
mander was ready for it. 

Meanwhile Washington had sent an expedition to Can- 
ada. It was hoped that the Canadian colonists might be 
induced to join in the war, but this hope was never real- 
ized. The expedition had as its object the taking of Mon- 
treal and Quebec, and the 
command was given to two 
able officers, Montgomery 
and Arnold. They were to -4-' 
approach (^ueljec by two '■^'^^ 
different routes, and to 
meet in an attack on the 
city. The story of their 
adventures — of Arnold's 
terrible journey through 
the woods of Maine, of the 
night attack on Quel;)ec 
in the midst of a blind- 
ing snowstorm, of Mont- 
gomery's death — is one of 
'1 thrilling interest, but it is the story of failure, nevertheless. 
To return to affairs in Boston — Howe made a blunder 
in not fortifying Dorchester Heights. Washington, as 
soon as the arrival of the cannon from Ticonderoga made Mar., 
it possible, seized the heights, and once more the British "^ 
awoke one morning; to find American earthworks overlook- 
ing the town. Once more the British prepared to attack, 
but several dciys of storm delayed them, until the works 




AVashingtox Elm, Cambridge. 

(Under which Washington took command 
of the troops.) 



138 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

were too strong. Washington's cannon could now be fired 
into the British camp. Howe was obhged to give up, and 
he agreed to leave Boston. On March 17, 1776, the Brit- 
ish soldiers marched on board their ships, while Washing- 
ton and his men entered the town. The war in New 
England was over. It remained to be seen what plan the 
British woukl adopt next. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Miiiutemen continued to arrive on the outskirts of Boston 
until the British were quite shut in tlie city by them. 

2. A party of New Englanders seized Crown Point and Ticon- 
deroga. 

3. The Second Continental Congress met a short time after the 
fighting had thus actually begun. 

4. TJie Congress adopted the militia at Boston as tlie " Conti- 
nental Army." 

5. They elected George Washington to command this army. 

6. Before Washington reached Boston to take command, a real 
battle had taken place there, on Breed's Hill, in Charlestown. The 
Americans were driven from the hill, but only after hard fighting by 
the British and when the Americans had exhausted their supply of 
powder. 

7. Washington worked hard all through the fall and winter 
drilling his troops. 

8. In the spring, by fortifying Dorchester Heights, Washington 
succeeded in obliging the British to leave Boston. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. ''The American Revolution," by John Fiske, pp. 136-144, 
165-169. 



CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA — WAR IN BOSTON 139 

2. " The Story of the Revolution," by H. C. Lodge, pp. 70-90, 
97-117. 

3. "Chihlren's Stories of American Scientists," by Wright, pp. 
66-89. 

4. " American Leaders and Heroes," by W. F. Gordy, pp. 175-187. 

5. " Tlie Printer Boy," by Thayer. 

6. "George Washington," by Horace Sciuhler, pp. 131-155. 

7. "George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 137-185. 

8. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 
42-84. 

9. "The Boston Tea Party," by Henry Watson, pp. 47-75, 
174-182. 

10. " The Story of INIassachusetts," by E. E. Hale, pp. 266-282. 

11. "The Boys of '76," by C. (\ Coffin, pp. 42-81. 

12. "Grandfather's ('hair," by Xathani.d Hawthorne, Part III, 
fChap. VIIT. 

13. "Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle," by Oliver W. 
Holmes. 

14. " The War of Independence," by .fohn Fiske, pp. 87-94. 

THINGS TO HO 

1. Find the meaning of volanfeers, }>n)minent, veneration, defensive 
' tvarfdre, ^manimoush/, jabilanf, formal, execution. 

2. Write about Benjamin Franklin. 

J I. His boyhood — going to Philadelphia. 

II. His work as a young man. 

III. How he became famous. 

IV. His service to the countr}^ before the Revolution began. 

3. Compare the action of Ethan Allen and the " Green Mountain 
Boys " with that of the Massachusetts men who fought at Lexing- 
ton. (See page 131 and page 121.) 

4. Discuss the question : How had Washington's earlier life 
fitted him for his new work ? Also, what particnlar events in his 
experience may have helped to form his judgment of military affairs ? 



140 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

5. Make a map to illustrate the war around P>oston. Show the 
position of the Americans in their semicircular line around the city ; 
Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill in ('harlestown ; Dorchester Heights. 

6. Place in your portfolio the portrait of Washington, and pic- 
tures of the Washington elm in Cambridge, where he took command 
of the troops; of the battle of Bunker Hill, Bunker Hill JNIonumeut, 
and the Prescott statue ; also a portrait of Franklin, a picture of his 
birthplace, and of his old printing press ; pictures of the ruins of 
Crown Point and of Ticouderoga. 

7. If you live near Boston, visit Bunker Hill. 

8. Use your portfolio of pictures as the basis for a class review. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

h. Bunker Hill. 

[Write what you consider the effect of this battle upon the 
British and upon the Americans.] 

c. Expedition to Canada — its result. 

d. Evacuation of Boston by the British. 
[Tell when and Avhy.] 



XIX 

CUTTING THE COLONIES IN TWO 

There was great rejoicing everywhere when Howe and 
his soldiers, with about a thousand Tories, set sail from 
Boston for Halifax. Of course, every one knew that this 
was not the end of the war and that the soldiers were 
sure to appear somewhere else, probably in New York. 
This city was certain to be attacked. In many ways it 
was the most important city on the continent, and if the 
Britisli should get possession of it, its position midway 
between New Eng-land and the southern colonies would 
make it possible to almost cut the colonies in two. So 
Howe was daily expected to appear in New York harbor, 
and Washington began making preparations to meet him 
there. 

In the meantime little of importance in a military way 
took place, but through the spring and early summer all 
eyes were turned upon Congress and the questions being 
debated there. As early as the previous autumn Congress 
had advised each colony to make a new government for 
itself. It had also appointed committees to confer with 
foreign powers. Congress was fast losing its hesitating 
spirit. Now, in the spring of 1776, there began to be 

141 



142 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



talk of nothing less than independence, of breaking away 
from the mother country, and forming a nation in this 
Western world. At first many in Congress and in the 







Ctif ., 



"C;.. 



Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

colonies which the members of Congress represented were 
opposed to such a plan. It seemed a very daring step. 
But many things occurred to change the minds of those 



CUTTING THE COLONIES IN TWO 



143 



who hesitated. One of these things was the news that 
the king had hired twenty thousand German troops to 
send to America. Foreign soldiers to fight against his 
own subjects ? Then those subjects had better declare 
themselves free from such a king. And so the feeling 
grew, until by the end 
of June, twelve of the 
thirteen colonies had 
instructed their dele- 
gates in Congress to 
vote for independence 
when tlie question 
should come up for 
decision. 

A committee was 
appointed to draw up 
a paper which should 
announce to tlie world 
the birth of a new 
nation. Thomas Jef- 
ferson, a member of 
this committee, com- 
posed the paper. It 

was brought into the hall in the old Statehouse, where 
the Congress held its meetings, and read to the gravely 
silent members. Then John Adams rose, and made a 
speech which has been talked of ever since as a wonder 
of oratory. Though we have no record of his words, 
Daniel Webster, one of our great men of later times, 




Thomas Jefferson. 



144 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



has imagined for us what Adams might have said, and 
the words of the one great orator thrill us, as he says for 
the hero of an earlier time, " Sink or swim, live or die, 
survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this 
vote." And again, " I leave off as I began, that live or 
die, survive or perish, I am for the Declaration. It is my 
living sentiment, and by the blessing of God, it shall be 

my dying sentiment, — In- 
dependence now and Inde- 
pendence forever." 

There was little need for 
any one else to speak when 
John Adams had finished 
his appeal ; but John Dick- 
inson of Pennsylvania, who 
was on the other side, spoke 
briefly, telling the members 
why he believed the Decla- 
ration should not be passed. 
Presently the vote was 
taken by colonies. Nine 
for, three against, and New 
York casting no vote. It 
Avas moved to put off the 
final action until the next day. Then, on the 4th of July, 
Inly the Declaration was formally passed, and the birth of the 
nation was at last a fact. 

It was no longer thirteen rebellious colonies which were 
making war upon England, but thirteen sovereign states, 




Liberty Bell. 



4, 
1771 



CUTTING THE COLONIES IN TWO 



147 



fighting to establish the independence they had declared 
theirs. The United States of America had many troublous 
days before it ; it had many mistakes to make, and many 
changes to pass through before it could be a great nation. 
But on this July day, in 1776, it first came to take its 
place among 
the nations of 
the world. 

Already 
the new na- 
tion had its 
work await- 
ing it, A 
letter from 
Washington 
told of the 
appearance of 
Howe's fleet 
in New York 
B a y. W e 
must leave 
Congress and 

its doings, and turn our attention to the armies again 
coming face to face. 

New York was a difficult place for Washington to 
guard, with no more than the eighteen thousand men he 
now had to work with. But if it must be done, he was 
not the man to complain of the hardness of the task. 
He set to work quietly, dividing his men so that no 




The Vicinity hf New Yoi:k. 



148 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

important point should be left unguarded. Half the army 

was sent to hold Brooklyn Heights. These heights were 

as important to an army in New York as Bunker Hill or 

Dorchester had been in Boston. Washinscton's eiy^ht or 

nine thousand men could do little if Howe should send all 

his force, as he probably would do, to attack the Americans 

in Brooklyn. Still it Avoidd not do for Washington to send 

all his troops to Brooklyn. The British might make the 

attack somewhere else. The general knew that he must 

lose the city, but no one seemed to realize it but himself. 

Congress and the people expected hhn to fight, and he 

determined to do so, though he must give up in the end. 

Near the end of August the expected attack came. 

Howe landed about twenty thousand men on the Long 

Aug. Island shore, and on the twenty-seventh, dividing his army 

*^^' into three parts, he attacked the Americans, w^ho were 
1776 . f ' . ' ^ 

outside their works, on almost all sides at once. The 

result was what might have been expected. The Ameri- 
cans could do nothing; aajainst such a force. About a 
thousand of them were taken prisoners, and the rust driven 
into the works on Brooklyn Heights. At this ])()int, as 
night was approaching, Howe concludedr-to wait until the 
next day before storming the works ; and the next day 
he still delayed, perhaps remembering Bunker Hill. 
Washington meanwhile had come over from New York 
with more men, but when he saw that Howe was pre- 
paring to besiege the fort, he knew that he could do noth- 
ing but withdraw. He saw, too, that Howe might at 
any moment bring up his fleet so as to cut off all chance 



CUTTING THE COLONIES IN TWO 



149 



of retreat, and he resolved to act at once. On the night, 
then, of the twenty-ninth, we might have seen a strange 
fleet of boats gathered on the Brooklyn side of the East 
River. There were rowboats, scows, yachts, fishing 
smacks, — boats of every description, large and small. 




Washington's Rktrkat from Long Island. 



Washington had gathered them there to ferry his troops 
across the river. All night long the boats plied back and 
forth. Men, cannon, provisions, ammunition, — every- 
thing was safely removed except the heaviest of the 
guns. 

During the first part of the night, the moon shone 
brightly, but the British were so sure that the enemy 



150 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



were safe within the fort, that even if they did hear 
some unusual sounds, they did not trouble to look out to 
find their cause. And later, as the dawn was approach- 
ing, and might have shown only too plainly what was 
going on, a thick fog came up, and dropped its gray ciu'- 
tain all about the scene on tlie shore. A]\ night lonu" 

Washington had been in tlie 
midst of tlie embarking soldiers, 
watchin£f, directing-, encouraging;, 
and it was only when at seven 
o'clock the last boat load of men 
was on its way that he crossed 
himself. 

The British camp stirred into 
life at last. It was strangely 
silent there in the fort. The 
rebels must be sleeping late ! 
(iradually the fact dawned upon 
the British soldiers that they 
were besieging an empty fort. 
Their astonishment knew no 
bounds. 

Washington knew, of course, 
that having lost Brooklyn he could not hope to hold New 
York, but he intended to make the British work as hard 
for it as possible. The story of the next six w^eeks is the 
story of Washington's retreat from one position to another, 
holding each until it was safe to do so no longer, and then 
always escaping the traps Howe set to catch him. Not 




Nathan Half.. 

(A young American who was 
hanged as a spy by the 
British.) 



CUTTING THE COLONIES IN TWO 151 

a victory did Washington gain, but his defeats were mas- 
terpieces, and the middle of November found Washington 
in New Jersey and the first campaign in New York at 
an end. 

The first British blow at the center had been struck, 
and though Howe was in possession of New York City, 
and though every movement of his troops had been ap- 
parently a success, the end of the war was as far away 
as ever. The American army was not crushed. The 
line of the Hudson was not in British hands. Howe 
had taken New York — and that was all. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. On July 4, 1776, Congress passed the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, which declared the colonies free from British nde. 

2. The next move of the British after being obliged to leave 
Boston was to attack Xew York. 

o. If they could obtain control of the Hudson, they could cut off 
all communication between New England and the other colonies. 

4. Howe succeeded in taking New York City, but Washington, 
by a skillful night retreat, withdrew his army, thus saving it from 
capture. 

5. Washington was obliged to retreat into New Jersey. Howe 
was left in possession of New York, but the upper Hudson was in 
the hands of the Americans. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "The American Revolution," by John Fiske, pp. 210-212. 

2. " Stories of the Old Dominion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 180-187. 
.3. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 85- 

95, 102-131. 



152 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

4. " Campaign of Trenton," by S. A. Drake, pp. 11-49. 

5. " The Children's History Book," pp. 43-164. 

6. " Independence Bell,'' Anonymous. 

7. " Supposed Speech of John Adams," by Daniel Webster. 

8. " The Boys of '76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 91-110. 

9. " The Patriot Schoolmaster," by Hezekiah Butterworth. 

10. "Two Spies,'' by Benjamin Lossing. 

11. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 97-115. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of debated, confer, oratonj, socereign, besiege, 
scows, masterpieces, campaign. 

2. Learn the date of the Declaration of Independence. 

3. Place in your portfolio a copy of Trumbull's ])icture of the 
passage of the Declaration, one of Independence Hall, and of the 
Liberty Bell. 

4. Make a map to illustrate the New York cami)aign. 

5. Prepare yourself to write a clear answer to the question : 
Why did each side consider it important to control the Hudson '.' 

6. W^rite a paragraph or two describing the retreat from Long 
Island. Make your descri])tion as picturesque as possible. 

7. Discuss the question : Did AVashington accomplish any good 
by the New York campaign ? If so, what ? 

8. Compare Washington and HoAve as generals, from what you 
have seen of them in the two campaigns stiidied. What quality 
seems most prominent in the character of each ? 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

IV. Independence. [Tell when and by whom declared.] 
V. Campaign around New York. 

a. Importance of New York to each side. 

b. What the British accomplished in the campaign. 

c. What the Americans accomplished. 



XX 

SOME HOLIDAY HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY 

To us, to-day, looking back upon the events we read 
of in tlie last chapter, it is easy to see that Washington 
did all that could be done with the forces at his command, 
— that he really did a great deal, in fact. To the people 
of the newly formed United States, the matter looked 
quite different ; it seemed merely defeat and disaster, and 
a profound discouragement spread everywhere in America. 
The soldiers of the Continental army shared this feeling, 
began to lose hope, and to long for their homes again. 
The first great excitement was over. The terms of en- 
listment of many of the companies of militia expired, and 
the men could not be induced to remain. 

The main army, under Washington, had been obliged 
to continue its retreat across New Jersey, closely followed 
by a large body of the British under Lord Cornwallis. 
By the time the Americans reached Princeton, there 
were but three thousand of them left. It would never 
do to risk a battle, and Washington could only retreat 
once more. He led his little army across the Delaware 
early in December, and to prevent the British following, 
carried with him every boat that could be found on the 
east bank of the river for miles. 

153 



154 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



The British reached the river, and CornwalHs was eager 
to gather boats and follow the Americans into Pennsyl- 
vania ; but Howe, who had jnst come on from New York, 
thought it best to wait a few days in the hope that the 
river would freeze over, and so save the trouble of finding 

boats. The army was 
spread out along the river, 
with its center at Trenton. 
There seemed nothing; to 
do but wait, so Howe and 
Cornwallis both returned 
to New York for the 
Christmas holidays. 

The difficulties Wash- 
ington had to face during 
the last month of the dy- 
ing year of 1776 would 
have daunted a man less 
brave than he. He had 
to watch his army dwindle 
away day by day ; he had 
to rememiier that on New 
Dec, Year's Day many more of them would reach the end of 
^"*' their terms, and would probably go home. He had to 
suffer from the plottings and disobedience of one of his 
generals, Charles Lee, who had been placed in charge 
of half the army, and who was a great trouble to the 
commander. Lee had been left behind in the Hiohlands 
with his division, and when early in the retreat across 




A Continental Soldier. 



SOME HOLIDAY HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY 155 

New Jersey, Washington had sent word to him to join 
the main army, Lee had pretended not to understand, 
or to regard the orders as mere advice. Later, in the face 
of repeated and positive orders, he still disobeyed, and 
when he finally did set out, he wasted day after day on 
the road, until Washington's patience was sorely tried. 

Fortunately for Washington and for the American 
people. General Lee was somewhat careless one night 
in sleeping at a wayside tavern several miles from his 
army. Here he was captured by a party of British scouts 
and carried off, rather scantily clad, to the British lines. 
The Americans at the time thought this a great mis- 
fortune, but time has proved that it was not. It is now 
known beyond a doubt that Lee was doing all he could 
against Washington, in order that he might secure the 
great commander's position for himself. 

These were dark days for Washington and for the 
success of the Revolution. It seemed as though any day 
might see Washington without an army, and the people 
with no heart to continue the war. The British com- 
manders offered to pardon all who during the next sixty 
days should pledge allegiance to the British government ; 
and in less than ten days more than three thousand of 
the people of New Jersey accepted the offer. 

Washington saw that something must be done to re- 
vive the sinking courage of his countrymen, to inspire 
confidence in Congress, to show the British that the war 
was not yet crushed. And this is what he did. 

The forces that had been under Lee's command had 



156 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

reached the main army at last. Washington now had 
six thousand men. The British had thirty thousand 
in New York and New Jersey, with three strong divisions 
facing the Americans on the Delaware. The center of 
the British force consisted of twelve hundred Hessians 
under Colonel Rahl at Trenton. Washington believed 
that he could make a successful attack upon them, and 
he carefully laid his plans to do so. 

On Christmas night, while the Hessians were celebrat- 
ing Christmas in good German fashion, four detachments 
of the American army were to cross the Delaware, and 
to combine in an attack upon the town. By the time 
the Americans reached Trenton it was expected that the 
Hessian revelers would be sleeping off the effects of their 
gayety, and it would be easy to capture them all. 
Dec. The appointed day came. It was chill and stormy. 
By night the air was full of sleet and snow, and it was 
bitter cold. The bitino; winds blew the floatino; ice here 
and there in the river, making it almost impassable. 
When Washington reached the river bank, word was 
brought to him that for one reason or another every one 
of the three detachments that were to aid him had failed. 
But neither storm nor danger from the floating ice nor 
failure to receive the aid he had expected could keep 
him back now. 

It took ten hours of terrible labor to get the twenty-four 
hundred men all safely across, and it was four o'clock in 
the morning before the little army was ready to begin 
its march of nine miles to Trenton. Everything took 



•Zb, 
1770 




H fl 



K P 



SOME HOLIDAY HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY 159 

place as Washington had expected. The Hessians, roused 
from the heavy sleep which followed their carousals of 
the night before, were too bewildered to fight, and nearly 
a thousand of them, with all their arms, were captured. 
The Americans lost but two men in the fight, and two 
who were frozen to death on the way. 

Here, at last, was a victory, and its effect upon army 
and people was as great as even Washington could hdxe 
wished. And the general had not finished yet. Corn- 
wallis cut short his Christmas festivities in New York, 
and hastened to attack Washington at Trenton. Leaving 
two thousand men at Princeton, Cornwallis marched 
toward the American camp " to finish this business up." 
All along the road the British wei'e worried by skirmish- Jan. 
ing parties sent out by Washington, so that it was nearl}^ ^"' 
night when they finally reached the American camp. It 
seemed ])est to Cornwallis to wait until morning to make 
an attack, as it bad seemed best to Howe at Brooklyn. 
And, as on that occasion, it seemed best to Washington 
not to be there when morning came. Cornwallis sent for 
his two thousand men at Princeton to join him in the 
morning, and went comfortably to bed, saying, " Now we 
have the old fox," never dreaming that the '^ old fox 
was even then creeping away with his army toward 
Princeton. 

It is quite true that the British sentinels heard the noise 
of men working on the American intrenchments all night, 
and saw all night the light of American camp fires. But 
this only showed the slyness of the "old fox," who had 



160 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



left these few men 
there on purpose to 
mislead the British. 
Toward daybreak 
they stole off 
through the woods, 
and it was a dreary, 
deserted camp 
which met t h e 
astonished eyes of 
the British when 
mornino; came. 

What had be- 
come of the " old 
fox" and his army? 
That remained to 
be seen. There 
was a strange rum- 
l)ling sound in the 
distance. Could it 
be thunder ? No, 
itr was the sound of 
guns, and it was no 
longer a question 
where Washington had gone. He must be fighting with 
Coruwallis's reenforcements from Pi'ineet(m. Cornwallis 
started at once to the assistance of his troops. It was, 
however, too late. Washington had met them, and had 
entirely defeated them. Then, feeling sure that he could 




WASHINGTON'S RETREAT 

ACROSS 

NEW JERSEY. 



SOME HOLIDAY HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY 161 

not be overtaken, since he had taken pains to cut down 
every bridge his army had passed over, Washington pro- 
ceeded leisurely to the heights around Morristown. There 
he was quite safe from British attack. 

As for Cornwallis, as Henry Cabot Lodge says, he "gave 
up his plan of immediately crushing and destroying the 
American army, stopped his pursuit, withdrew all his men 
to Amboy and Brunswick, contracted his lines, and decided 
to allow the etfacement of the American army to wait 
until spring." 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The American army was rapidly decreasing in numbers. 
Both sokliers and people were much discouraged. 

2. Washington was obliged to continue his retreat across New 
Jersey, and then beyond the Delaware into Pennsylvania. 

3. The British followed to the Delaware, but because of lack of 
boats stopped there, and waited for the river to freeze over. 

4. Washington attacked a])out a thousand Hessian soldiers at 
Trenton, and captured tliem all. 

5. Cornwallis proceeded to Trenton to seize Washington's army. 
By another night retreat Washington left the British guarding only 
an empty camp. 

6. Proceeding to Princeton, Washington attacked and defeated 
two thousand of Cornwallis's men, who were setting out to join 
him. 

7. Washington then made his way to the heights at Morristown, 
where he was safe from attack. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "The Story of the Revolution," by H. C. Lodge, pp. 208-227. 

2. '^ George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 156-160. 



162 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

3. " Hero Tales from American History," by Henry Cabot Lodge 
and Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 45-55. 

4. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 
130-153. 

5. "George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 196-203. 

6. "The Campaign of Trenton," by S. A. Drake, pp. 50-112. 

7. "Stories of the Old Bay State," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 136-144. 

8. " The Boys of 76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 129-151. 

9. "Stories of New Jersey," by F. R. Stockton, pp. 117-213. 

10. " Thankful Blossom," by Bret Harte (a story). 

11. "The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 116-122. 

THINCiS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of etilistmeitf, dainded, detachments, revelers, 
carouscds, skirmishhifj parties, reenforcenients, leisureh/, contracted, 
effacement. 

2. Make a map to illustrate the New Jersey cami)aign. 

3. Place in your portfolio a copy of Leutze's picture of Washing- 
ton crossing the Delaware ; one of Faed's picture of Washington at 
Trenton ; and one of Trumbull's Battle of Princeton. 

4. Discuss the question : In what ways did AVashington show 
himself a great general in this campaign ? 

5. Prepare yourself to write an answer to the question : What 
"were the results of the New Jersey campaign ? 

6. Write a short description of the battle of Trenton. A small 
copy of the picture of AVashington crossing the Delaware may be 
used to illustrate it. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

VI. The New Jersey campaign. 

ft. Washington's retreat — the British pursuit. 

b. Trenton. 

c. Princeton. 

d. Results. 



XXI 

THE BRITLSH PLAN FOR 1777 

For a time, in the autumn of 1776, all England was 
ringing with " Howe's great victories in America," and 
it was supposed that the war was practically finished. 
The events therefore of the last days of the year came 
with something of a shock to the British ministry. It 
began to seem that there was still something to be done 
in America. The ministry began at once to plan a new 
campaign. 

The plan of cutting the colonies in two by getting con- 
trol of the Hudson must be tried again. This was cer- 
tainly the wisest thing for the British to attempt, and 
should it succeed, would prove a severe blow to the 
Americans. It had failed once. It must be carefully 
planned and still more carefully executed this time, that it 
might not fail again. 

The main army was still in New York, with Howe in 
command. The Northern army was in Canada, whither it 
had returned after an imsuccessful effort to get control of 
Lake Champlain. Both of these divisions were to be used 
in the new plan. There were three distinct parts to the 
plan. 

163 



164 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



The main body of the Northern army was to be sent 
under Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain to Crown 
Point and Ticonderoga, which he was to seize, and 
then march down the Hudson to Albany. 

2. At the same time a 
smaller division un- 
der Colonel St. Leger 
would go by way of 
the St. Lawrence and 
Lake Ontario to Os- 
wego. From there 
St. Leger would set 
out to overcome Fort 
Stanwix, in the Mo- 
hawk Valley, and 
when this was done, 
would follow the Mo- 
hawk to the Hudson, 
and so join Burgoyne 
at Albany. 

3. The main army under 
Howe, or part of it 
under some general 
he "might select, was 

to come up the Hudson and complete the union of 

the British forces at Albany. 
This then, was the plan, as it was worked out on paper 
in England. How it succeeded when transferred to the 
wildernesses of New York we shall later discover. 




The British Plan for 1777. 



THE BRITISH PLAN FOR 1777 165 

There was, of course, the danger that any one of the 
three divisions might suifer defeat and so never reach the 
meeting place. But the ministry had much faith in 
the strength of the Tories in New York, and believed that 
both Burgoyne and St. Leger would be marching through 
a friendly country. 

Our next cjuestion must be, — What force had the 
Americans to withstand this triple invasion ? They, too, 
had their Northern army, a body of about five thousand 
men, under the command of a general in whom Washing- 
ton had great confidence, — Philip Schuyler. From the 
beginning of the war Schuyler had been guarding the 
New York frontier. Now it began to look as though he 
would soon be in the thickest of the fight. 

Washington was still at Morristown. He did not dare 
come north to take part in the new campaign, not know- 
ing just what the British were planning, and so not think- 
ing it safe to leave Howe and his army unguarded. 

In June Burgoyne started south with about eight thou- June, 
sand men, finely equipped and confident of success, while 
St. Leger led his force of a thousand toward the west. 
Both divisions were accompanied by Indian allies. At 
first everything went well with Burgoyne's undertaking. 
Reaching Ticonderoga, the British found a high rock over- 
looking the fort, which the Americans had failed to fortify, 
believing that it was too steep for any one to climb. This 
was a mistake, however, as the American garrison found, 
when they looked up at the rock and saw red-coated men 
moving about on it, and the mouth of a cannon yawning 



1777 



166 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




Ruins of Ticonderoga. 



grimly before their eyes. To stay meant capture, so St. 
Clair, the American officer in command of the garrison 
decided to leave the fort. Bnrgoyne's army marched in, 
and news of Bnrgoyne's first victory was quickly dis- 
patched to Canada and England. 

Meanw^hile Schuyler had come up to Fort Edward, and 
here St. Clair joined him. Burgoyne,"^\vho was highly 
elated by his victory at Ticonderoga, was anxious to 
follow it up by meeting and overcoming the whole of the 
American force. He was sure that he could easily do 
this, and perhaps he might have done so if he could 
have reached at once Schuyler's poorly equipped army. 
Schuyler, how^ever, had no intention of allowing the 
British to reach him at once. Time was what he needed 



THE BRITISH PLAN FOR 1777 167 

and what he determined to have. Ah^eady the Indian 
allies of the British were beginning their inhuman deeds, 
and already the militia in the towns along the line of the 
British march were rising to protect their homes. Every 
day that Burgoyne could be delayed would increase their 
numbers. 

The roads along which the British would come were not 
very good roads at their l)est, and Schuyler immediately 
went to work to make them still worse. His men ex- 
changed their guns for spades, hatchets, and pickaxes, and 
when Burgoyne had passed Skenesboro he began to see 
the fruits of their lal^or. Great trees Ijlocked the way, 
with their branches intertwined and tangled. Rough 
stones and heaps of brush were scattered everywhere. 
The little streams which might have helped the progress 
of the men were choked with sticks and stones. The 
bridges over larger streams which nnist be crossed were 
carefully hewn down. Burgoyne had to relmild forty of .juiy, 
them between Skenesboro and Fort Edward. It took him ^"'' 
twenty-four days to cover twenty-six miles, and when he 
reached Fort Edward it was only to hnd that Schuyler 
had moved down the river to Stillwater. Burgoyne began, 
no doubt, to be a little impatient. When should he get 
an opportunity to fight that rebel army ? 

For several reasons affairs did not look so bright as they 
had looked a month before. The army was delayed by 
lack of horses to drag the cannon, and the men were even 
beginning to feel the lack of food. General Lincoln of 
the rebel army was busy in Vermont collecting stores and 



168 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



organizing the militia, which, it was rumored, would 
presently attack Burgoyne from the rear, thus cutting oif 
his communication with Canada. Burgoyne's idea of 
seizing the little town of Bennington, where the American 




Burgoyne's Army on the Road from Lake Champlain to 
J'oKT Edward. 



stores were, was no doubt a good one. He could so 
obtain the horses and provisions he so much needed, and 
at the same time disturb the plans of the farmer soldiers 
of Vermont, and perhaps put an end to that danger. 



THE BRITISH PLAN FOR 1777 169 

Accordingly, five hundred German soldiers were sent out 
to capture the stores at Bennington. The militia, how- 
ever, was ready for them. Colonel John Stark, of whom 
we have heard before, was at home at the time, and he auj 
promptly led eight hundred men to oppose the attack, ^" 
besides sending for help from Lincoln. The commander 
of the German troops began to think he had a harder task 
than he had expected. He sent to Burgoyne for more 
men, and another five hundred were sent him. But even 
these did not save him from defeat. When darkness put 
an end to the day's fight at Bennington, Stark and his 
men were the victors, and almost all of the German force 
were their prisoners. 

Burgoyne was worse off than before, and it would not be 
strange if his impatience were fast changing to discourage- 
ment. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The British plan for 1777 luul three parts. 

Baiyoyne was to descend Lake Champhiiu and tlie Hudson to 

Albany, securing the Hudson Valley for the British. 
St. Leger was to set out from Oswego to take possession 

of the valle}^ of the Mohawk and to join Burgo3aie at 

Albany. 
Hoive was to come with or send part of his force from New 

York, capturing the lower Hudson and completing the union 

of the British forces. 

2. Burgoyne was successful until he reached the lower end of the 
lake. From there on his progress was very slow. He needed horses 
and provisions. A detachment sent out by him to seize supplies at 
Bennington Avas captured by the Americans. Burgoyne was some- 
what disheartened. 



170 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



THINGS TO READ 

1. " The American Revolution," by John Fiske, pp. 272-285. 

2. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomliuson, pp. 173- 
190. 

3. "Burgoyne's Invasion," by S. A. Drake, pp. 27-89. 

4. " Hero Tales from American History," by Lodge and Roose- 
velt, pp. 59-07. 

5. '' The Boston Tea Party," by Watson, pp. 82-97. 
(J. '' The Boys of '76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 122-194. 

7. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 125-134. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of executed, triple invasion, frontier, rumored. 

2. Draw a map, showing the proposed routes of the three divi- 
sions of the British forces. 

3. Discuss in class the weak points in the British plan. 

4. Compare Burgoyne with Howe. 

5. Imagine yourself a British soldier in Burgoyne's arm3^ De- 
scribe your experiences during the march from Skenesboro to F^'ort 
Edward, as you might have written it to some friend in England. 

EOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

VII. The campaign of 1777. — ^ 

a. Uurgoyne reaches Fort F.dward — victories — Crown 
Point and Ticonderoga; delay and defeat— Ben- 
niuijton. 



XXIT 



IlSr THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK 



'TJRKSHCAD Flag 




Leaving Burgoyne at Fort Edward, where he remained 
for some weeks, we must consider the second part of the 
plan — St. Leger's expedition — and its suc- 
cess or faiku'e. Reaching Oswego without 
dithculty, St. Leger and his men set out on 
their wilderness march to Fort Stanwix. 
St. Leger had added to his force at Oswego 
a regiment of Tories and many Lidians, so 
that he had in all al)out seventeen hundred men when he 
reached the fort, and going into camp Ijefore it, demanded Au^ 
its surrender. But the garrison had no idea of surrender- ^'" 
ing, and there was nothing for St. Leger to do but to 
besiege the fort. 

Two expeditions were at once organized to relieve the 
besieged garrison. One of these was a force 
of twelve hundred men under Benedict iVr- 
nold, sent out by Schuyler from Stillwater. 
The other, and the first to reach the scene 
of action, was a ])and of militia recruited 
from the Mohawk Valley and led by General Nicholas 
Herkimer. St. Leger was to find that though there were 

171 




'jBFNJA(«I1N FRANKUN'j 
PftOpOSED FLAft 




172 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

many Tories in the Mohawk Valley, as he had been told, 
there were also many men ready to rise and protect their 
cREATUNioN^ HA?, homes against the savage invaders he was 
bringing into the valley. Among the eight 
hundred men who set out with Herkimer 
many a man had neighbors, friends, or rela- 
tives in the Tory regiment which had lately 
joined St. Leger. General Herkimer himself had a brother 
on the Tory side. But no thought of family or friends 
held them back. 

When Herkimer's men reached a point within eight miles 
of the fort they halted, and Herkimer proceeded to carry 
out the plan he had formed. Two messengers were sent 
to the fort to tell the commander about the relief party in 
the forest. When the messengers reached him he was to 
fire three cannon as a signal, and then at rattlesnake r^o 
once begin an attack on St. Leger. Herki- 
mer, as soon as he heard the signal guns, 
would attack from the rear. 

Had Herkimer been able to carry out his 
plan, it might have been made a success. It was expected 
that the messengers would reach the foi't at about three 
o'clock in the morning, and at about that time the party 
in the forest began to listen for the guns. Hour after 
hour passed, but no guns were heard. The officers became 
very impatient. They urged Herkimer to go on, without 
waiting for the guns, saying that no doubt they had been 
fired but had not been heard. At last the ofiicers accused 
the old man of being really a Tory at heart, like his 





IN THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK 173 

brother, and of wishing the plan to fail. This was too 
much for the old patriot, and he gave the order to march. 
Herkimer was right. The messengers w^ere still on the 
road, and the garrison in the fort knew nothing of the 
approach of a relief force. St. Leger had heard of it 
already, however, and at once sent out a part of the Tory 
regiment, w^ho knew the country, with a force of Indians 
to assist them. 

Herkimer's men had reached a closely wooded hollow 
CRESCENT FLAG ^^ ^^^^ forcst, wdicre a rude bridge over a little 
stream made a hard road for horses and men. 
All were absorbed in getting across the bridge 
wdien the sound of the w^ar whoop close on 
either side told them that they were sur- 
rounded. It w^as a frightful battle that followed. Fight- 
ing hand to hand, against Tory neighbor or savage foe, 
Herkimer's brave men held out for hours. The old general 
was w^ounded, but ordering his saddle placed on an old 
stump he sat coolly issuing orders and smoking his })ipe, as 
though he had no thought of danger. 

In the midst of the fighting a heavy shower came 
up ; torrents of rain fell, putting an 
end to the battle. And as quiet 
descended upon the scene, three sig- 
nal guns were heard in the distance, 
telling the rash young officers that 
the old general had been right and that their impatience 
had driven him to the death which was now close at hand. 
It was hard to tell which side was victorious. Each had 





174 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

lost many men — Herkimer so many that it was useless to 
think of renewing the attack. The ])atriots of the Mohawk 
Valley sadly returned to their homes. They had done their 
part, however, and had heljjed along St. Leger's final over- 
throw. 

That came about two weeks later, and strangely enough 
was accomplished without a blow. Arnold's party had 
,^„ . marched from Stillwater, and was nearino; 
'5^^'"'^'^° the fort. Having captured many Tory 
spies, Arnold found among them a half- 
witted fellow whom he resolved to make 
useful. Promising him his freedom as a 
reward, Arnold sent the young man to St. 
Leger's camp to spread there the story of 
a great force of Americans on the way. So well did the 
boy do his work that there was great fright in the British 
camp. The Indians deserted, as did many of the soldiers, 
and hnally St. Leger with the little remnant of his army 
took to the woods, and returned to trouble Fort Stanwix 
and tlie Mohawk Valley no more. 

THINGS TO REMEMBEET 

1. St. Leger laid siege to Fort Stanwix with a force of regulars, 
Tories, and Indians. 

2. A band of militia from the ]\Iohawk Valley tried to relieve the 
garrison of the fort, but did not succeed. 

3. Alarmed by rumors of the coming of a large army of Ameri- 
cans, St. Leger's men began to desert. With the few of his men 
who were left, St. Leger set out for Tanada. 

4. This part of the plan was thus a total failure. 



IN THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK 175 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " A Short History of the Eevohitiou," by Tomlinson, 
pp. 191-203. 

2. " The Boys of '76/' by C. C. Coffin, pp. 195-203. 

3. " Burgoyne's Invasion," by S. A. Drake, pp. 90-94. 

4. " Our Country's FLag," by E. S. Holden. 

5. "Paul and Persis," by Mary Brush (a story). 

6. Selections from " In the Valley," by Harold Frederic (a 
story). 

7. " The Boston Tea Party," by Watson, pp. 210-218. 

8. '^ The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 134-137. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of recruited. 

2. Make a map, showing St. Leger's expedition. 

3. Discuss the question : What was the effect of the use of 
Indians in this campaign of the British ? Did it help or hinder 
them ? 

4. Form an opinion as to the method used by Arnold to scare St. 
Leger's men. Do yon think that the old saying, " All is fair in 
war," is true ? 

5. It is said that the " Stars and Stripes " was first used by the 
besieged garrison of Fort Stanwix. Find out when this flag was 
adopted by Congress, by whom it was designed, and what flags had 
been in use by the Americans during the earlier part of the war. 

6. Write a short history of the flag. Tell what each part of the 
design means. If you can illustrate your composition by a water- 
color sketch or a drawing, do so. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

b. St. Leger besieges Fort Stanwix — his force is scattered. 



XXIII 

THE END OF THE PLAN 

The second part of the plan — St. Leger's expedition — 
was thus a complete failure. When the news reached 
Burgoyne, he was more profoundly discouraged than ever. 
His situation was becoming desperate. Lincoln's volun- 
teers had succeeded in cutting off his only source of sup- 
plies, and the question of food for his soldiers was one that 
must be answered. His only hope now lay in the third 
part of the plan, — Howe's expedition up the Hudson. 
How eagerly Burgoyne looked for some word from Howe 
we can imagine ; but here again lie was doomed to dis- 
appointment. When Howe's share in the Northern cam- 
paign was first suggested to him by the ministry, he had 
mentioned in his reply a plan of his own which might 
interfere. In response to this the miifistry had written 
positive orders to him to let nothing interfere with his 
aiding Burgoyne at the proper moment. 

Still Burgoyne, anxiously waiting, saw nothing of Howe 
or Howe's army. What could be the reason ? It was a 
long time before this question could be answered. Then 
the answer was found in the shape of a dusty paper in one 
of the pigeonholes of a London desk. The " positive 

176 



THE END OF THE PLAN 177 

orders " had been entirely overlooked, and had never Ijeen 
sent to Howe at all. 

Howe meanwhile was as busy as a man could be in 
carrying out the "plan of his own" he had mentioned. 
This was nothing less than the taking of Philadelphia. 
We know now that Charles Lee, still a prisoner in British 
hands, was acting the part of a traitor, and had suggested 
this idea to Howe; but, though doubtless Lee meant to 
help tlie British cause, he succeeded only in hindering it. 
Taking Philadelphia would do the British little good. 
Sending aid to Burgoyne was, on the contrary, absolutely 
necessary if he were to be saved from utter defeat. 

To l)e sure, Howe meant to do both. He started across June, 
New Jersey early in June, intending to capture Philadel- ^^'^^ 
phia and return in time to meet Burgoyne at Albany. 
But the "old fox" was on the watch for him, and Howe 
foimd it impossible to get by the American army. After 
wasting nearly a month, the British returned to New York 
and started once more, by sea, knowing that the Americans 
could not trouble tbem there. 

When Howe landed his army at the head of Chesapeake 
Bay it w^as already late in August. The day of Benning- 
ton had come and gone. St. Leger's force had been scat- 
tered. Burgoyne was in great danger, and Howe was 
hundreds of miles away from him. Washington saw that 
if he could delay Howe still more, Burgoyne must surely 
surrender or his army be entirely crushed. So he set to 
work to delay Howe, and though the Americans were 
twice defeated in the campaign that followed, it was the 



178 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

end of September before Howe took possession of Phila- 
delphia, and another month had passed before he obtained 
control of the Delaware, so that he could be sure of keep- 
ing what he had gained. 

There was no longer any question of returning to help 
Sept., Burgoyne. It was too late. About the middle of Sep- 
^^^^ tember, Burgoyne, weary of waiting for help which did 
not come, and driven by the hunger of his men, had 
crossed the Hudson and prepared to attack the American 
army. This was now under the command of General 
Gates, Schuyler having been removed only a few days 
before. Two battles were fought. In the first of these 
the British claimed the victory, since at the close of the 
fighting they held the ground where the battle took place ; 
but it was a poor victory. Only three thousand of the 
Americans took part in the battle, under the command of 
Benedict Arnold, the hero of Quebec. Arnold asked Gates 
for more men, but was refused. This led next day to a 
bitter quarrel, in which Gates told Arnold that he had no 
further use for him, and Arnold prepared to return to 
Washington's camp. The officers, however, implored him 
to stay, and he consented, though lieHiad, of course, no 
longer a place with the rest. We are told that " Gates 
took no more notice of him than of a dog." 

In the second battle, which took place near Saratoga, 
the British were entirely defeated, and were forced to 
retreat. During the battle, Arnold had been watching 
from the heights, until at last, seeing an opportunity to 
drive back a division of the British, he could remain away 



THE END OF THE PLAN 



179 



no longer ; flinging himself upon his horse, he galloped 
into the midst of the fight. His men shouted with joy at 
sight of him, and charged with renewed vigor. Arnold 
himself fought with furi- 
ous energy, and it is be- 
lieved by many that the 
victory was really due to 
his efforts. 

Bm'goyne attempted to 
retreat across the Hud- 
son, but the way was 
now closed. lie was 
surrounded on every side 
by soldiers of the Conti- 
nental army, or by New 
York and New England 
militia. He still heard 
nothing from New York, 
and, on October 17, be- 
ing unable to wait 
longer, he surrendered 
with his whole force. 
It was agreed that the 
British soldiers, after 
leaving their arms at Saratoga, should march across 
Massachusetts to Boston, there to take ship for Eng- Oct., 
land, promising to take no further part in the war. ^ ' 
And so came to an end the carefully studied " British 
plan for 1777." 




The End of the Plan. 



180 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Burgoyne anxiously awaited aid from Howe, but it did not 
come. 

2. Howe meanwhile was engaged in taking Pliiladelpliia. He 
meant to return in time to aid Burgoyne. 

3. Washington succeeded in so delaying Howe that before he 
could send any help to Burgoyne it was too late. 

4. Burgoyne, desperate for want of food and supplies, attacked 
the Americans. There were two battles, and Burgoyne was utterly 
defeated. His surrender completed the failure of the " plan for 1777." 



THINGS TO READ 

1. " George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 204-213. 

2. " A Short History of the Revolution," Ijy Tondinson, 
pp. 204-22G. 

3. " Burgoyne's Invasion," by S. A. Drake, pp. 95-142. 

4. "The Boys of '76," by 0. C. Coffin, pp. 2()4-244. 

5. "The War of Independen(!e," by John Fiske, pp. 137, 138- 
142, 143. 

6. " American Fights and Fighters," by C. W. Brady, pp. 71-83. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of source of supplies. 

2. Make a map to illustrate Howe's movements and those of 
Washington near Philadel})lna. 

3. Place on the map you niade to illustrate St. Leger's expedi- 
tion, l)urgoyne's route from the time he reached Ticonderoga until 
his surrender. This will show how the plan ma})})ed out by the 
British came to an end. 

4. Learn the date of Burgoyne's surrender, October, 1777, as the 
end of the British attempts to secure the Hudson. 



THE END OF THE PLAN 181 

5. Gates was much praised for his victory in the North, and 
Washington blamed for the defeats near Philadelphia. Think out 
why it was that Washington's work was really a great aid to the 
Northern army. 

6. Make a list of the battles of the war thus far, marking each 
to show which side claimed the victory. 

7. Keview all the dates you have been asked to learn. 

8. Place in your portfolio a picture of Burgoyne's surrender. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

c. Howe's campaign around Philadeli>liia. 

d. Burgoyne's defeat, October, 1777. 

[Use the three maps you have made in connection with the 
last three chapters.] 



XXIV 

ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 

In carrying on a war there are many things beside the 
actual fighting to be considered. Men must be found to 
make up the army which is to Hght. Money must be 
raised with which to pay these men and to purchase sup- 
plies. Supplies must be collected to provide the soldiers 
with food and clothing, with guns and powder and bullets. 
Horses must be obtained to convey these supplies to the 
camps of the army. It is sometimes necessary to ask aid 
of foreign nations, and men must be sent to carry on 
negotiations with their governments. All of these things 
are important, and for all of them a strong government 
which can make laws and enforce them is needed. 

All through the Revolution the lack of a government 
was one of the worst troubles the new nation had to 
face. The Continental Congress was not a government, 
and it could do little except advise the states what it 
was best to do. Men, money, and supplies were abso- 
lutely necessary, yet Congress had no power to procure 
any of them. The soldiers sent to the Continental army 
by the states were usually enlisted only for short terms, 
so that the army was constantly changing, and Wash- 

182 



ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 183 

ington often despaired of ever getting a well-organized 
force of men. 

The matter of money, too, was a very serious one. If 
Congress had had the right to tax the people, money might 
have been raised, as in our own time it was raised to carry 
on our war with Spain. But Congess could only recom- 
mend to the states that they should each raise a certain 
amount, of which very little was ever paid. The next 
thing to be tried was borrowing, but not many people like 
to lend unless they feel some certainty of being repaid. 
Some money was raised in this way, however. The French 
government advanced some, 1)eing quite ready in a quiet 
way to injure her old enemy, England. Then, too, some 
public-spirited Americans did what they could, — Franklin, 
who lent Congress his little savings ; Washington, who re- 
fused pay for his services and offered his private fortune to 
pay his soldiers should Congress fail ; and Robert Morris, 
a Philadelphia banker, who did more than any one else to 
provide funds for the war. 

Still much more was needed, and because there seemed 
no other way Congress began early in the war to issue 
paper currency, that is to pay its debts with promissory 
notes which were to be redeemed in gold when the war 
was over. As the war went on, more and more of this 
paper money was issued. People began to be afraid that 
Congress could never redeem these notes, and to refuse to 
accept them in payment of debts. A paper dollar was no 
longer worth a dollar. In 1778 it took six or eight of 
them to buy a dollar's worth of goods, and before the war 



184 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



was over it took ten paper dollars to be worth one cent. 
Still Congress kept on issuing more notes, until a piece of 
"Continental money" became the symbol of worthless 
things, and we still sometimes hear people say, " not 
worth a Continental." 

Of course it was hard to get soldiers to reeulist when 
their terms expired, since only worthless paper money could 
be given them to send home to their families, and since even 



i D"©*©«^<©»©«'0<«©<0*0*OoO«0«2x>€>>©nO>«©<><3v>©<0'>0»©<K2'<>^>o 3-q 



THIS BILL entitles the Bearer to 
receive STWS 'JV-^ff''^ d'iuruaf^i^P/J 
'DOtJi^'^'^y or the Value thereof 
in QoCi or SiCver^ according to the Refo- 
lutions of the G0Wi/l6S6\ held at 
I O-'^a.Milua.t ^t loth of cMay^ ^775- 

A riKCE OF CONTINENTAI. CURKENCY. 




1777- 
1778 



food and clothing were almost impossible~to obtain in the 
camps. For in the matter of supplies the army suffered 
terribly in the winter whicli followed Howe's taking of 
Philadelphia. Late in the autumn, Washington had taken 
his soldiers into camp for the winter at Valley Forge, a 
natural fortress in the hills, only about twenty miles from 
Philadelphia. The winter was a dreary one. Little huts 
of boughs were built by the men, who clustered about the 



ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 



185 



camp fires to keep from freezing, and often sat up all night 
because they had no blankets in which to wrap their shiver- 
ing forms. The snow was deep, and many of the men 
had no shoes, so that they left bloody tracks behind tliem 




Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge. 



on the snowy ground. Many were sick, and many died 
fiom lack of clothing. 

The worst of this sad story is that much of the suffer- 
ing was unnecessary. Congress was making many mistakes 
in these days, and one of them was in its management of 
army supplies. Incompetent men were appointed to take 
charge of them, with the result that men suffered and died 



186 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



sometimes for lack of things which they might have had 
if affairs had been properly managed. 

Congress was no longer the body of great men it had 
once been. Many of the greatest of its early members 
were now serving in other fields, — in the army, as was 
Washington ; in the state governments, as were Thomas 
Jefferson and Patrick Henry ; or abroad, as was Franklin, 
who was in France, urging the French government to come 




Franklin at the Court of France. 

out openly as the ally of the United States. The Congress 
had lost much in power and influence, and it often did very 
foolish thincys. 

The winter at Valley Forge was a dreary one for Wash- 



ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 187 

ingtou as well as for his soldiers. Not only did he have to 
see the suffering he could not relieve, and the mistakes of 
Congress that he could not rectify, but personal enemies 
were appearing in his army and in Congress, who plotted 
at nothing less than his downfall. Gates, the " hero of 
Saratoga," as he was called, though he had done little to 
deserve the title, was very popular at this time, and his 
vain, jealous ambition led him to believe that he might be 
commander in chief. His schemes, and those of his friends, 
were finally overthrown, and Washington placed more 
firmly than ever in the hearts of the people, but the matter 
was a source of worry to the great commander through 
nuicli of the winter. 

There was a silver lining, even to the dark cloud which 
hung over Valley Forge. In February Franklin succeeded Feb., 
in making a treaty of alliance with France. That meant ^"^ 
money and soldiers and a fleet to aid Washington and his 
army. The French had come at last to believe that the 
Revolution might succeed. The news of the treaty put 
renewed courage into the hearts of the men at Valley 
Forge, and new vigor into their dailv drill ; for they were 
drilling, in spite of cold, and snow, and suffering. A for- 
eign officer, Baron Steuben, had lately joined Washington's 
staff, and he was the drillmaster. Few better could have 
been found, and so heartily did he work, and so faithfully 
did the men follow his commands, that when the army left 
Valley Forge the next June, it was a stronger, better army 
than it had ever been before. 

So much fault had been found in England with Howe's 



188 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



June, 

1778 




conduct of the last year's campaign, that in tlie spring of 
1778 he resigned his position, and went home to explain 
matters. This left Sir Henry Clinton in charge of the 
British forces. All winter the British soldiers in Phila- 
delphia had remained idle. 
Indeed, there was nothing 
that they could do with Wash- 
ington close by in his snow- 
bound camp at Valley Foi'ge. 
So it was a winter of idle- 
ness, of comfort and merry- 
making in the Quaker City, 
— all of which may have been 
pleasant, but did not accom- 
plish much toward conquering 
the Americans. 
In June Clinton resolved to leave Philadelphia, and 
rejoin the rest of the British forces in New York. The 
Philadelphia Tories, who had been spending a gay winter, 
entertaining the British officers, did not dare remain be- 
hind when the soldiers went, so Clinton sent three thou- 
sand of them with his fleet to New York, while he set out 
with his army to march across New Jersey. Washington 
saw a chance to strike a blow at Clinton's retreating army, 
and so perhaps win a great victory. After taking posses- 
sion of Philadelphia he set out with his now well-trained 
soldiers, and by rapid marching gained a position where 
he could attack Clinton. 

The battle of Monmouth followed, and but for one thing 



Bakon Stkuben. 



ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 



189 



iiiight have been the brilhant victory for which Washing- 
ton hoped. This one thing was the presence of General 
Charles Lee. This mischief-maker had not made trouble 
enongh, it seemed ; wdien exchanged by the British he had 
come back nnqnestioned to his place in the army, since no 
one knew of his treacherous dealings with Howe, and since 
Washington was generous enough to overlook his foruier 
disobedience. The battle of Monmouth ended his career 
in the Continental army, however ; for, through his Hat 
disobedience of orders, the Americans came near snffering 
a disastrous defeat. This would prol)ably have happeued 
had not Lafayette, seeing the strange behavior of Lee, has- 
tened to w^arn Washington. Coming up with all haste to 




:ytt 



sill 



A Colonial Minuet. 



190 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

tlie scene, Washington sharply reprimanded Lee, and or- 
dered him off the field. Then rallying the retreating men, 
he prevented defeat, though it was too late to think of a 
real victory. Something had been accomplished, however, 
and Lee had failed of any result excejDt his own downfall. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. There were many difficulties for the new nation to face besides 
tliat of winning battles. 

2. The Continental Congress was only an advisory body. It conld 
not enforce its own decrees. 

3. Men, money, and supplies for the army were very difficult to 
obtain. 

4. The ability of the men now in ('ongress was less than at the 
beginning of the war. They made many mistakes. 

5. One of these was in regard to money. Congress issued paper 
money — promises to pay when the Avar was over without much 
certainty of then having the money with which to pay. People 
were afraid to accept this paper money, and it soon became worth- 
less. 

6. Because of poor management of army supplies, the soldiers of 
Washington's army suffered much in their winter camp at Valley 
Forge for lack of food and clothing. 

7. There were plots against Washington, but they fortunately 
failed. 

8. France at last entered into a treaty of alliance with the United 
States. 

9. In spite of cold and hunger the men of the Contiuental army 
were thoroughly drilled during the Avinter by Baron Steuben. 

10. The following summer the British left Philadelphia and took 
their force back to New York. ^Vashington attacked them on the 
way, but neither side could claim a victory. 



ANOTHER SIDE OF WAR 191 

THINGS TO KEAD 

1. « The Story of the Revolution," by H. C. Lodge, pp. 303-306, 
312-324 ; Vol. II, pp. 169, 170. 

2. "The American Eevolution," by John Fiske, Vol. II, pp. 50- 
56, 197-199. 

3. " George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 170-193. 

4. "A Short History of the Revolution," by Toralinson, pp. 227- 
248. 

5. " George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 213-225. 

6. " Famous American Statesmen," by S. K. Bolton, pp. 38-66, 

7. " Boys of '76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 254-261. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of negotiations, advisory, cnrrency,j)romissoi'y, 
redeemed, symbol, incompetent, rectify, treacherous. 

2. Review the war to this point by means of your maps. 

3. Contrast the condition of the British and the American sol- 
diers during the winter following Burgoyne's surrender. 

4. Write on the subject, " War is not all Fighting." 
[Eead the first half of Chapter XXIV before you write.] 

I. Obtaining soldiers — keeping them when once enlisted. 
II. Supplies — necessit}^ — management. 
III. Money — why needed — ways of obtaining it. 

FOR YOUE NOTEBOOK 

VIII. Valley Forge — sufferings of the men — causes — the win- 
ter's work — plot against Washington. 
IX. Money affairs. 
X. The French alliance. 

[Tell what led the French at last to make the treaty.] 
XI. The British in Philadelphia — their winter — why they 
left the city — battle of Monmouth, 



XXV 

BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 

After the failure of Burgoyne's expedition, the idea of 
gaining control of the Hudson was entirely abandoned by 
1778 the British. One of the first results of Burgoyne's sur- 
render was a proposal by Lord North in Parliament to 
send over commissioners to America who should try to 
bring about a peace. He proposed to repeal all the acts 
that had made the trouble and to give up forever the 
right to tax the colonies. The Tory party was still anxious 
to carry on the war, believing that the Americans must be 
conquered first, and then, if ever, given the rights for which 
they were fighting. Among the Whigs some believed that 
it would be better to let the colonies become independent, 
as they proposed ; others that England^would lose for- 
ever her commercial power if the colonies were lost, and 
that they must, therefore, be kept at any cost. 

Parliament voted to carry out Lord North's proposals, 
and the commissioners came to America. It was too late 
— Congress refused to listen to any proposals which did 
not first acknowledge independence for the states. The 
commissioners could do nothing but return to England. 
There was great wrath in the Tory party, and especially 

192 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 193 

among the king's friends at this, and it was resolved that 
the rest of the war should be so carried on as to make the 
colonies glad presently to beg for peace on any terms. 

It was to be destructive warfare of the worst kind — 
destroying towns and villages ; burning homes and captur- 
ing or nuirdering their peaceful occupants ; it was to be, 
on the frontier, Indian warfare with all its horrors — any- 
thing that would exhaust the ^' rebels," and so force them 
to give up. In the story of the remaining years of the war 
we read of dreadful massacres — Wyoming and Cherry Val- 
ley, for example — in which Indians and Tories vied with 
each other in cruelty; of such deeds as the destruction of 
Martha's Vineyard, New Bedford, and Fairhaven in Massa- 
chusetts, and of Portsmouth and Norfolk in Virginia ; of 
the butchery of prisoners, unworthy of a civilized age. 
Some of the states suffered terribly, but the plan of the 
ministry to " tire the Americans out " was more or less of 
a failure nevertheless. 

In connection with these scattered raids, the ministry had 
but one definite plan. This was to gain possession of the 
Southern colonies, so that they might at least keep them, 
even if the Northern states should be lost. A complete 
story of the later years of the war would have to include 
many stories for which, though wonderfully interesting, 
we have not time to pause. But the war in the South, 
the capture for the Americans of the Northwest, and the 
war on the ocean must claim a little of our attention. 

Very early in the war the British had attempted to 
strike one blow against the South. They had attacked 



194 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Charleston, but had accomplished nothing. It was not 
until the autumn of 1778 that anything more was done 
in that part of the country. Then Clinton made his first 
1778 move toward carrying out the plan of the ministry. 
Thirty-five hundred men were sent to Georgia, and it 
was not long before they were able to report the state 
conquered. Indeed the cruel deeds of the soldiers had 
made it impossible for the people to remain in their homes 
unless they declared themselves on the king's side. Those 



\^ A Revolutionaky Musket. 

who would not do this fled to the mountains, leaving the 
British to plunder their deserted property. 

South Carolina was next in the plan, and Clinton con- 
sidered this of sufficient importance to demand his own 
presence. He therefore set out with eight thousand men 
to join the force already in the South. Washington sent 
to South Carolina all the men he could spare, making, 
with the assistance of the militia, seven thousand men to 
defend the city of Charleston ; but the British had almost 
1780 twice as many, and in May, 1780, succeeded not only in 
taking the city, but with it the entire American army. 
" We look upon America as at our feet," said an English 
statesman; and surely this was a heavy blow to the 
United States. Clinton returned to New York, leaving 
Cornwallis with five thousand men to complete tlie con- 
quest of the South. 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 195 

Discouraging as tlie outlook was for the Americans, it 
was clear that another army must be raised to defend the 
Southern states. Washington did not dare go himself with 
his army, lest Clinton should seize the opportunity to at- 
tempt once more to gain possession of the Hudson ; but he 
sent two thousand more men from his force, and called for 
militia from all the states south of Pennsylvania. Wash- 
ington wished to send Nathanad Greene to take com- 
mand of this new Southern army, but Congress, believing 
him to be inferior to Gates, wdio was still known by his 
undeserved title of tlie " Hero of Saratoga," sent Gates 
instead. 

" Take care," said Gates's now disgraced friend, Charles 
Lee, " that your Northern laurels do not change to South- 
ern willows." And Gates needed to take care, for he had 
none of the military genius Congress believed him to have. 
He marie mistake after mistake, with the result that in 
August, 1780, a second Southern army was captured, and 
its hero commander in full flight across the country, rid- 
ing two hundred miles in less than four days before he 
came to a stop. Southern willows, indeed ! This was the 
worst defeat the Americans had yet suffered, and it put 
an end to all notions of the genius of Gates. 

What should be done now ? Should the British be left 
to make a triumphal march up through the Carolinas into 
Virginia, and perhaps even farther ? There was nothing 
to prevent except the little bands of fighters under such 
leaders as Marion and Sumter. It was a picturesque sort 
of warfare they carried on, dashing out from their hiding 



196 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




places in the woods and swamps, making sudden raids on 
parties of British soldiers often twice as numerous as their 
own, capturing prisoners or provisions, and disappearing 
again into the dark forest, leaving confusion behind them. 

Cornwallis found the " Swamp 
Fox," as Marion was called, 
a very annoying sort of ani- 
mal, and is reported to have 
said, " But for Sumter and 
Marion, South Carolina would 
be at peace ! " 

Not long after the defeat of 
Gates at Camden, Cornwallis 
started for North Carolina, 
leaving behind a small force 
of soldiers who were to gather 
together as many Tories as 
possible and then follow him. 
jor Ferguson, who was in charge of these troops, saw 
a good opportunity to capture a little band of Americans, 
and resolved to take advantage of it. While carrying out 
his plan, he suddenly found himself in^the midst of a 
party of American backwoodsmen, — three thousand of 
them, ready as the men of Vermont had been at Benning- 
ton and those of the Mohawk Valley at Oriskany, to defend 
their homes against attack. 

The British, who were only aljout eleven hundred in 
number, began to retreat with all possible speed, but it 
was too late. Finding that he must fight, Ferguson took 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 



19i 



up liis position on King's Mountain, which seemed from i780 
its height and position impossible to storm. The Ameri- 
cans, however, succeeded in their attack upon it, though 
the British bravely defended the position. It was a com- 
plete victory for the backw^oodsmen, and of the entire 
British force all w^ere either killed or captured. Then, the 
danger to homes and loved ones being over, the back- 
woodsmen returned 
to their usual em- 
ployment. 

Great as the ser- 
vices of these men 
were, however, they 
alone could not keep 
the British from car- 
rying out their plans. 
Still another army 
must be raised, and 
once more Washing- 
ton had the hard 
problem to face. 

We shall be glad 
to turn from the story 
of disaster in the 
South to an account 

of success in the Northwest. We remember that by the 
Quebec Act, passed by Parliament in 1774, the Ohio Val- 
ley was made part of Canada. And it was now most im- 
portant to the British to keep this wdld country, especially 




198 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

if the Americans should gain their independence. To do 
this, every effort was made by the British to drive Ameri- 
can settlers out of the valley, and to keep the country in 
the hands of their own soldiers. 

But it was equally important to the new i\.nieriran nation 
to get control of the country for which the colonists had 
fought so well in the French war. And though the British 
1778- were in full possession', and though no men could be spared 
1/79 fj^om the Continental army to attempt the work, a brave 
and daring backwoodsman of Virginia, George Rogers 
Clark, determined to undertake it. He gathered a band 
of two hundred volunteers, and set out to capture the 
British posts. The story of his adventures is full of 
interest, and the work he accomplished for America is 
worthy of our admiration. For, thanks to his com^age 
and perseverance, the spring of 1779 found the Ohio 
Valley in American hands, where it was destined ever to 
remain. 

Leaving for a time these American battle fields, let us 
consider some of England's difhculties on her own side of 
the ocean, and some stirring events which have taken 
place on the ocean itself. The Americarr war was closely 
watched by the great European powers. We have already 
seen how glad France was to take the field against her 
ancient enemy. Since the beginning of 1778, England had 
then not only the American war but one with France on 
her hands. The next year the French government had 
persuaded England's still more bitter foe, Spain, to join 
the company of England's antagonists. Spain had, it is 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 



199 



true, no love for the American states, and the Spanish 
government would form no alliance with them ; but it 
was ready enough to join France in humiliating England. 

Nor was this all. Even with her colonies in America 
and with France and 
Spain against her, 
England — and Eng- 
land means the king, 
Lord North, and their 
friends and advisers 
— proceeded to pick 
a quarrel with Hol- 
land which speedily 
led to war. It be- 
gan to look as though 
England would have 
to fiffht single-handed 
against the whole 
continent of Europe. 
Nothino; but her great 
strength on the ocean 
could have made it 
possible for her to op- 
pose so many foes, and 

even as it was, the scattering of her ships and her soldiers 
in many parts of the world helped to cripple her resources. 

The thonght of England's naval power leads us to 
consider the little navy of America and its great hero, 
Paul Jones. At the beginning of the war there was no 




200 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

American navy, and this lack was keenly felt in many 
of the critical moments of the war. In most of their move- 
ments the British soldiers were supported by their ships of 
war, which offered a protection the Americans could not 
overcome. 

Plans for establishing a navy were early made ))y Con- 
gress, but we have already seen how seldom Congress was 
able to carry out its plans. In the course of the war some 
forty vessels were enrolled in the Continental navy, most 
of them small, all p>oorly equipped, and manned by crews 
gathered wherever men could be obtained. But these poor 
vessels, with their ill-assorted crews, did some good work 
during the war. They were often aided by private 
cruisers, and did much to disturb the commerce of the 
"mistress of the seas." 

In 1779 occurred the first battle of any importance 
between English and American ships of war. Paul Jones, 
1779 with a fleet of five vessels, had been sailing about the 
coasts of England, doing more or less damage. His flag- 
ship was an old merchant vessel, bought by the French 
government, made over, renamed the Bonhonime Rich- 
ard in honor of Franklin, who was very popular at the 
French court, and lent to the American navy. His crew 
is said to have included, not only men from almost every 
country of Europe, but several Malays. 

As the fleet was cruising about the coast, a fleet of mer- 
chant ships, guarded by two ships of war, was sighted. 
Jones immediately gave chase, and the two frigates turned 
about, ready to fight. Leaving the smaller of the two 




Battle between Sesapis and Bonuomme Richarj^. 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 203 

for the only one of his fleet wliieli was with him, Jones 
attacked the Serapis, a larger, newer ship than his own, 
well equipped and manned by a well-trained crew. The 
fio;ht lasted for more than three hours. At the end of the 
first hour the two ships came together with a crash. In 
the moment Ijefore they drifted apart the captain of the 
Sercqns called out, "Have you struck your colors?" "I 
have not yet begun to fight," was Jones's reply. 

Once more the ships collided, and Jones was quick 
enough this time to liave them lashed together before they 
should separate. The battle became a desperate hand to 
liand encounter. Botji sliips were disabled. More than 
half the men engaged were killed. But Jones's dogged 
perseverance won the da}^ and his fame quickly spread 
through Europe as well as in the land he was lighting to 
save. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. After the failure of the '' plan for 1777," and the failure of the 
peace commissioners to make any terms with Congress, the British 
decided upon a " destructive warfar.e " which should tire the Ameri- 
cans out. 

2. jNIany villages were destroyed, and many Indian massacres 
took place. 

3. The British also planned to attempt the conquest of the South. 

4. In 1778 Georgia was easily conquered, and the British next 
attacked South Carolina. 

5. In 1780 the British took Charleston, and with it the entire 
Southern division of the American army. 

6. A new army was raised to defend the South, General Gates 
being made its commander. Oidy a few months later this army also 
was captiired or scattered. 



204 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

7. The South was left with no defenders save small bands of 
fighters under such men as Marion and Sumter. 

8. A party of volunteers under George Rogers Clark captured 
the Ohio Valley for the United States. 

9. England was now at war with the Americans, the French, the 
Spanish, and the Dutch. This scattered her ships and her soldiers 
to all parts of the world. 

10. The Americans fought some battles with the British on the 
sea. Of these the most famous is that between the Bonhomtne 
Bichard and the Sercqns. By this Paul Jones became famous as a 
naval commander. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. About the war in the South. 

"The Story of the Revolution," by H. C. Lodge, A"ol. II, pp. 
48-55. 

" Stories of the Old Dominion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 289-297. 

<<The Boston Tea Party," by Watson, pp. 120-134. 

''A Short History of the Revoluticjn," by Tomlinson, pp. 
319-320. 

" Hero Tales from American History," by Lodge and Roose- 
velt, pp. 71-78. 

"Song of Marion's IVten," by \V. C. Bryant. 

2. About the conquest of the Northwest. 

" The Story of the Revolution," by H._C. Lodge, Vol. II, pp. 
7-28. 

" Hero Tales from American History," by Lodge and Roose- 
velt, pp. 31-41. 

3. About the war on the ocean. 

"A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 

387-397. 
"Four American Naval Heroes," by M. Beebe, pp. 17-08. 
" Paul .Jones," by M. E. Seawell. 
" American Fights and Fighters," by C. W. Brady, pp. 39-55. 



BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA 205 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of commissioners, destructive, vied, triumphal, 
jjicturesque, antagonists, equipped, frigates. 

2. Prepare yourself to write clearly an outline of the new British 
plan. 

3. Try to think out why the British failed to "tire the Ameri- 
cans out." 

4. Discuss the question : Why would the South be likely to be 
more easily conquered than the North ? 

5. Find the meaning of Lee's allusion to laurels and tvillows. 

G. Find the meaning of Bonhomme Richard, and why giving 
that name to Jones's ship should have been considered an honor to 
Franklin. 

7. Discuss the question : Why would it not have been better 
for Washington to leave some one in charge of the troops who were 
guarding the Hudson and to take command himself of the Southern 
army ? 

8. Write an account of one of the following: Clark's Conquest 
of the Northwest. Massacres at Wyoming or Cherry Valley. The 
Fight between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

XII. Conquest of the Northwest. 
[Tell by whom and how.] 
XIII. War on the ocean. 

a. The American navy, 
h. Paul Jones. 
XIV. War in the South. 

a. Georgia conquered. 

6. Charleston taken, and the Southern army of the Ameri- 
cans captured. 
c. Gates utterly defeated at Camden. 



XXVI 

AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 

The aid expected from the French had thus far not 
been of much assistance to the Americans. The fleet, 
which would have helped Washington so much, had made 
only two flying visits, in both of which it had failed to be of 
any nse ; and of soldiers, France sent none until July, 
1780. Even then the six thousand who came under the 
command of Count Rochambeau were detained for a year, 
where they landed in Rhode Island before they could be of 
any service to Washington. 

It was almost a hopeless moment for the Americans 
when, through the stupidity of Gates, a second Southern 
army was destroyed, and Cornwallis left master of the 
South, And scarcely had this blow fallen when another 
came to startle the country and to sadden the heart of 
the great commander. This time it was treachery in an 
officer who had been honored for his bravery and trusted, 
even admired, by the great chief himself. Benedict 
Arnold, the hero of Quebec and of Saratoga, beloved by 
his men, and known even among the British as the 
" fighting general," had somehow been transformed into 
tlie blackest of traitors. This is the story : — 

206 



AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 207 




The Hudson at West Point. 



Even before his part in the campaign against Bur- 
goyne, Arnold had felt that he was unjustly treated by 
Congress, as no doubt he was. In that campaign we 
remember his treatment by Gates, and have no difficulty 
in believing that he grew more dissatisfied under it. 
Returning to Washington's camp after the Northern cam- 
paign was over, the great general assured him of his con- 
tinued respect and approbation ; and when Clinton left 
Philadelphia in June, Arnold, who was still imfit for active 
duty because of his wound received at Saratoga, was 
placed in command there. Just when the evil thoughts 
which afterward proved his ruin first began to come into 



208 A HUNDRED \EAKS OF WARFARE 

his mind we cannot tell ; but perhaps his falling in love 
and his marriage with a beautiful young lady belonging to 
a Tory family may have had something to do with it. Con- 
gress still continued to regard him with disfavor, and he 
grew bitter in his feeling toward it. He resolved to have 
revenge. Obtaining from Washington the command of 
West Point, the strongest American position on the Hud- 
son, he seems to have deliberately planned to betray it to 
the enemy. 

Letters passed between him and Clinton, and at length 
a young British officer, Major Andre, was sent to meet 
Arnold, and make the final arrangements. On his way 
back Andre was captured, and the papers Arnold had 
1780 given him were found in his stockings. Receiving word 
that Andre was taken, Arnold had barely time to escape 
to a British man-of-war in tlie river. His unhappy wife 
was left in a swoon, into which the hastily told story of 
his treachery had thrown her. 

The treason had failed, and Arnold had succeeded only 
in accomplishing his own downfall. Joining the British 
army, he fought against his countrymen, and when the 
war was over went to live in England. Neither he nor 
those who knew him could ever forget his black deed. 
Despised by others and even by himself, be led a miserable 
life. On his deathbed he asked for his old Continental 
uniform ; putting it on, he added the epaulettes and 
shoulder knot presented him by Washington after Sara- 
toga. 

'• Let me die in this old uniform," he said, " in which 1 



AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 209 

fought my battles. May God forgive me for ever putting 
on any other." 

Andre was hanged as a spy. No one who reads the sad 
story of this handsome and accomplished young ofhcer can 
but feel saddened at his untimely fate ; but the law of 




Captuke ok Major Andke. 



war time is inexorable. As a spy he was captured, as a 
s})y he had to die. 

In spite of treachery and disaster, in spite of the dis- 
content of his soldiers, who were still scantily clothed, half 
starved, and receiving little, if any, pay, Washington set 
to work on the problem waiting to be solved in the South. 



210 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Gates had succeeded in gathering together again about 

fourteen hundred of his soldiers. The militia of the 

neighboring states were beginning to assemble to defend 

1780 their homes. To this foundation of an army Washington 

again sent reenforce- 
ments, and best of all, 
a corps of the ablest 
officers in the service. 
Greene was in com- 
mand, and under him 
Morgan, who had been 
witli Arnold in Canada 
and at Saratoga, and 
who was renowned for 
his courage and dar- 
ing ; Henry Lee, 
'• Liglit-horse Harry " 
he was called, a young 
officer who was a uni- 
versal favorite, because 
of the deeds he and 
his perfectly trahied 
cavalry had done ; and 
Colonel William Wash= 
ington, who was an 
other fine cavalry officer, and who was a distant relative 
of the commander in chief. Baron Steuben was sent to 
Virginia, and later Lafayette, ''the bo}^," as Cornwallis 
called him, was placed in the same state. At last the 




AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 211 



South was to see something accomplished. The dark days 
of winter and disaster were soon to give way to the 
brighter light of spring and 
victory. 

Scarcely had the new / \ A\ \\\ I78i 

year begun when Mor- 
gan with half the lit- 
tle army won a bril 
liant victory at 
the Cowpens, 
over a divi- 
sion of the 
British - N 
forces 




sent by 
o Cornwallis 

to oppose him. 
Hope began to re- 
;fsavannah^ ' vivc. Grecnc, mean- 
> while, by a series of 
retreats worthy of Wash- 
ington himself, had been 
Imnng Cornwallis to follow 
him farther and farther to 
the northward. In Fel^ru- 
ary Morgan joined him, and after a month more of elud- 
ing every effort of Cornwallis to fight, reenforcements 



GREEN 
CORNWALLIS 



THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 



212 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



arrived, and Greene was ready for battle. And when the 
fight was over, though Greene could not claim the victory, 
he had succeeded in cutting down Cornwallis's force to 
scarcely sixteen hundred men, — an army too small to 

risk another battle, too 
v" small to dare attempt 

the long march back to 
South Carolina, and too 
small to stay so far 
from the fleet and 
among a people as un- 
friendly as those of 
North Carolina. 

Hastening to Wil- 
mington, Cornwallis 
decided that the only 
thing for him to do 
was to abandon the 
Carolinas for the mo- 
ment and to start anew in Virginia. He accordingly set 
out for that state. Much to his astonishment, Greene 
did not follow him, but turned once more to South 
Carolina, where he soon succeeded in winning back the 
whole state except Charleston, which was guarded by the 
British fleet. 

Cornwallis, meanwhile, with reenforcements which gave 
him a force of five thousand men was all intent upon 
conquering Virginia. First of all he would defeat La- 
fayette. " The boy cannot escape me," he said. But the 




Lafayette. 



AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 213 

boy not only escaped, but led Cornwallis up and down the i78i 
state until the British general was quite exasperated. He 
was getting too far from the sea. He must place himself 
where the fleet, which he daily expected, could reach him. 
Early in August he took up a position at Yorktown, on a 
peninsula between the York and the James. 

During these months, Washington was not idle in the 
North. He and Rochambeau were planning a combined 
attack upon New York when word came that the long- 
expected French fleet was on its way from the West 
Indies. A daring, almost a wonderful, plan leaped into 
Washington's mind. If the French fleet could be sent to 
Yorktown, if Lafayette's force on the land could be made 
too strong for Cornwallis to break through, if Washing- 
ton himself with his army and that of Rochambeau could 
only get there in time — it was the chance of a lifetime ! 
And the great commander decided to make the attempt. 

It was a hazardous game ; but, if it should succeed, it 
would be the greatest acliievement of the war. Should it 
fail — l)ut it should not fail ! On the last day of August 
the great French fleet appeared in the Chesapeake. No 
escape for the British by sea, unless the British fleet could 
destroy that of the French. That was tried, and it failed. 
Across the narrow neck of the peninsula Lafayette now 
took his stand with a force numbering eight thousand men. 
Cornwallis was in a trap. Should he try to break through 
Lafayette's line? It would mean a heavy loss of life. 
Surely the British fleet would return and let him escape 
by sea. If not, he would then attack '' the boy." 



214 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 




"VVaSIIIMGTON'S IlKADQUAKTKnS AT Xi;\VJiUl!G. 



But though Cornwallis had no idea of such a thing, 
Washington himself was on the way. Leaving only a 
small guard at West Point, Washington liad l)egun the 
march which was to make his daring plan a brilliant suc- 
cess. Not a man in the force of six thousand men knew 
where the swift march was to lead them. Washington 
dared trust the secret to no one save Rochambeau. Clin- 
ton was uneasy, and feared an attack upon New York. 
Washington was halfway across New Jerse}^ before it 
became clear that New York was not his destination. He 
had reached Philadelphia before the greatness of his plan 
was apparent. Cliuton saw the game at last, but it was 
too late. He was powerless. 



^p 




H ^ 


'"^^By^KT^'ii - ^^^^^^^^^^^1 


^^^^^^^^k' 


t^l 




p^^^Bi 


m' 


^^^I^^^^H^F'^ ^i^^^pSi^^^^^^^^^S^^^^^^^^^K' 


.... 


-3^^^^9|^HH| 








... ^HeFw'^^^^^HII^^I 



AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 217 



On the 5th of September the carmy had reached the head 
of the Chesapeake. From this point the soldiers were 
carried in ships to the place which was now being watched 
with breathless interest. Cornwallis 
had lost his last chance. Day by day 
fresh troops arrived to strengthen 
the door of the trap, until, by Sep- 
tember 26, sixteen thou- 
sand men were massed ") new 
across the peninsu- 
la's narrow neck. 



The game was 



won 




WASHINGTON'S MARCH TO YORKTOWN. 

could do nothing but surrender. Closer and closer the 
Americans approached the British force. The roar of 
cannon added its summons to the besieged commander. 



218 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Oct. On the ITtli of October, 1781, the end was reached, and 
J'' CornwalHs's whole force was surrendered to the allied 

1 7ol 

armies of the United States and France. 

Even as in 177(3, the campaign around Boston had 
failed ; as the same year the attempt to break through the 
line of the Hudson had proved fruitless ; as in 1777, the 
carefully planned campaign of Burgoyne had ended in 
utter disaster; so now tlie plan to redeem the South must 
take its place with the rest, an absolute failure. More 
than six years had passed since the war began, and the 
British held no state but Georgia, and outside that state 
no foothold, save only Charleston and the city of New 
York. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. A third Southern army was formed. Greene with a corps of 
able officers went to talte charge of it. 

2. General Morgan gained a brilliant victory for the Americans 
at the battle of the Cowpens. 

3. Greene drew Cornwallis into North Carolina, far from the 
British fleet. 

4. Cornwallis decided to go on to Virginia. Greene did not fol- 
low him, but returned to recapture South Carolina. 

5. Cornwallis took up a position at Yorktown, on a peninsula in 
Virginia. 

G. Washington with the aid of the French troops and of the 
French fleet succeeded in hemming him in there. Cornwallis was 
obliged to surrender. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "The American Revolution," by John Fiske, Vol. II, pp. 275- 
278. 



AN AMERICAN MOUSE-TRAP AND A BRITISH MOUSE 219 

2. '' Stories of the Old Dominion," by J. E. Cooke, pp. 298-334. 

3. '^ American Leaders and Heroes," by W. F. Gordy, pp. 189- 
207, 211-220. 

4. " George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 194-202. 

5. '' The 15oys of 76," by C. C. Coffin, pp. 303-333, 380-395 . 

6. " George Washington," by E. E. Hale, pp. 244-247. 

7. " A Short History of the Revolution," by Tomlinson, pp. 264- 
316, 333-386. 

8. "The Boston Tea Party," by Watson, pp. 135-151, 205-209. 

9. " Hero Tales from American History," by Lodge and Roose- 
velt, pp. 1-15. 

10. '' True Story of Lafayette," by E. S. Brooks, 

11. "Two Spies," by Benj. Lossing. 

12. " A Great Treason," by M. A. M. Hoppus. 

13. " The Hero of Cowpens," by McConkey. 

14. "The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 167-18L 

15. " American Fights and Fighters," by C. W. Brady, pp. 84- 
116, 143-159. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of approbation, coips, cavalry, luring, eluding, 
exasperated, haza rdous. 

2. Show by a map how Cornwallis was hemmed in at Yorktown. 

3. Place in your portfolio a portrait of Lafayette and a copy of 
Trumbull's ])icture of Cornwallis's surrender. 

4. Discuss the question : In what ways did Greene show him- 
self a great commander in his Southern campaign ? 

5. Make a list of the generals on each side during the war, as 
far as you know them. Try to recall briefly the career of each. 

6. Write an account of the siege of Yorktown. 

I. Cornwallis's position at Yorktown. 

II. Who was there to oppose him — his force. 

III. Washington's plan. 

IV. How this plan was carried out. 



220 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

d. Greene's campaign. 

1. Morgan's victory at the Cowpens. 

2. Greene and. Cornwallis. 

e. Cornwallis in Virginia. 

How Lafayette helped. 
/. Yorktown — the siege — the surrender. 



XXVII 

PEACE 

When the news of Yorktown reached England in the i78i 
latter part of November, there was great excitement and 
dismay. " It is all over," said Lord North. Such indeed 
seemed to be the opinion of every one except the king. 
He protested loudly that the war should go on, and to 
show how much he was in earnest began at once to plan a 
new campaign. Many people in England were, however, 
glad to see a chance of the war's coming to an end, while 
the friends of America in Parliament openly rejoiced. 

There had been other news scarcely less distressing to 
the ministry than that from America. Misfortune seemed 
to come from all sides at once. There was revolt in the 
British possessions in India and trouble in Ireland. Spain 
had captured the last British post in Florida, and one of 
England's treasured islands in the Mediterranean. France 
was creating havoc in the West Indies, and was aiding 
Spain in besieging Gibraltar. Ships and soldiers were 
needed everywhere at once. 

It was in vain that the king asserted he would give up 
his throne rather than acknowledge the independence of 
the United States. Public feeling was against him. Even 

221 



222 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Lord North refused any longer to carry out the king's 
ideas. There was no course open but to yield, so the king 
at last agreed, saying that the Americans were a wretched 
set of knaves and he was glad to be rid of them. 

The work of making the treaty which should bring the 




AVashington resigning his Commission. 



war to a close was begun in the spring of 1782. There 
were many things to be considered, and since not only 
America, but her ally, France, and not only France, but 
her ally, Spain, must be thought of, there were times when 
it seemed as though no conclusion would ever be reached. 
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represented the 
United States, and by their skill the new nation gained 



PEACE 



223 



everything that it could reasonably ask, — independence, 
the territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, 
fishery rights off Newfoundland. 

The treaty was finally concluded in September, 1783. 
At last the American states were free. The liberties they its;} 
had asserted in the Declaration of Independence, and for 
which they had fought so long and well were theirs at 
last. The last page of the story of the Revolution was 
completed. But, as always happens, a new story was 
beginning, even before the old one reached its end. There 
is still a chapter in the 1urth of the nation to be told. 



THE TREATY 

There were, of course, three treaties, — with the United States, with P" ranee, 
and with Spain. We need take special note only of the American treaty. 



England 


United States 


Arkiiovjlfidc/eil 


Gave 


independence of the thirteen states. 


assurance of the payment of private 


(T((ve 


debts. 


the territory between the Alleghanies 


liereived 


and the Mississippi. 


acknowledgment of independence. 


Beccived 


territory between Alleghanies and 


assurance that private debts .should 


Mississippi. 


be paid. 


lietained 




right to hsh on the banks of New- 




foundland. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The news of Cornwallis's surrender was received "with dismay 
by the I^ritish ministry. 

2. England was also losing in her European wars. 




12 U _ L oo g itude 



Aaikhioa at tuk Close of the Revolution. 



fiORMAY ft CO., 



PEACE 225 

3. The people of England were anxious to have peace. The king 
was obliged to submit. 

4. A treaty of peace was finally concluded in 1783, England 
acknowledging the independence of the United States. 

THINGS TO EEAD 

1. "George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 203-218. 

2. " A Short History of the Kevolution,'' by Tonilinson, pp. 
398-407. 

3. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, p. 182. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of revoJt, havoc, knaves. 

2. Make a map to show the boundaries of United States territory, 
according to the treaty. 

3. Copy the treaty for your notebook. 

4. Review the Struggle for Independence, using the outline in 
your notebook under Part III as a basis. 

5. Write about the heroes of the revolution. 

[Do not forget that the common people, who were neither 
generals nor statesmen, the soldiers whose highest service 
was obedience to orders, the women who struggled to till 
the little farms and to support their families while ^' father 
was gone to war," even the boys and the girls who did the 
small things which fell to their lot to do in helping the 
great cause, were as much heroes in their way as the bril- 
liant and the famous.] 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 
XV. Peace. 

a. The treaty. 

h. Boundaries of the new nation. 
[Illustrate by a map.] 



XXVIII 

THE LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP 

Throughout the story of the war for independence we 
have seen again and again the trouble which came from 
the lack of a government in the United States. There 
were the state governments, it is true, but if the states 
were to be united, and to act as one nation rather than 
thirteen, there must be some central power to make and 
keep them a harmonious whole. 

At tlie time the Declaration of Independence was 
adopted. Congress recognized this need by appointing a 
committee to draw np a plan of united government which 
should be submitted to the states for their approval. This 
was no easy task. Though united against a common foe, 
the states were far from nnited in spirit. There had 
always been jealousies between Puritan New England and 
gay, pleasure-loving New York ; between staid, sober 
Pennsylvania, and aristocratic, slaveholding Virginia. 
There were real quarrels, sometimes of long standing, 
over the boundaries of neighboring states. The Ohio 
country was claimed by no fewer than four of the thirteen. 
Each state was afraid that she should lose some of her 
rights if she agreed to a strong central government, 

226 



THE LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP 227 

None of the number was willing to be taxed by a central 
power. It was indeed a hard task to make a government 
which should please thirteen such warring elements, and 
at the same time be a government worthy of the name. 

Difficult as the task was, however, the committee drew 
up what were called the Articles of Confederation,- and not 
long after Burgoyne's surrender, in 1777, the Articles 
were sent to the states for approval. There was much 
discussion, but in March, 1781, about six months before i78i 
Cornwallis surrendered, the last of the thirteen states 
ratified the plan. 

The Articles of Confederation are often spoken of as the 
" League of Friendship." Each of the thirteen members 
of the League was still to be a " sovereign state," and the 
central government was to be a Congress, made up of dele- 
gates appointed yearly by the states. The number of 
delegates representing the various states varied from two 
to seven, but the nmnber made little difference, since, how- 
ever many there were, the state had but one vote. No 
law on any subject could be passed without the consent of 
nine of the thirteen states. 

Congress was to declare war and make peace, make 
treaties, and regulate the value of coins. It was also to 
control the army, but could raise soldiers only by calling 
upon the states for them, as the Continental Congress had 
done during the Revolution. The power of taxation was 
to be exercised entirely by the states. Congress again 
might ask for money, assessing each state in proportion to 
the value of its real estate, but it was quite powerless if 



228 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



the states did not pay the tax. The states, also, as well as 
Congress, were to have the power of coining money or of 
issuing paper currency and requiring its acceptance in pay- 
ment of debts. Last of all, the Articles could be changed 
or amended only by consent of all the thirteen states. 

This then was the government under which the United 
States began its independent existence. It is worthy of 
study if we would understand the story of the years 
immediately following its adoption. 



Powers held bv Congress and the States under the 
Articles of Confederation 



Congress 


States 


Lawmaking (with votes out of 


13). 


Raising money by taxation. 


Declaring war and peace. 






Imposing duties on imports. 


Making treaties. 






Raising an army. 


Controlling army. 






Coining money. 


Maintaining navy. 






Regulating all commercial affairs. 


Coining money. 






• 


Asking states for money and 


sold 


iers. 





THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Under the Articles of Confederation the -states held most of 
the power, and Congress very little. 

2. Congress was especially weak in the fact that it could not en- 
force its own laws, and had no part in controlling commerce. 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Copy and study statement of the distribution of power under 
the Articles of Confederation. 

2. Look for faults in the Articles. 



XXIX 

THE YEARS OF WEAKNESS 

The weak points in tlie Articles of Confederation were 
not long in showing themselves. All throngh the war the 
conntry had suffered from having no government, but its 
sufferings were small in comparison with the utter con- 
fusion which soon succeeded the coming of peace. 

There were commercial difficulties and financial difficul- 
ties and quarrels between states. The people everywhere 
were poor, and in many cases their farms had been ruined 
or their business entirely stopped by the war. 

Commerce with England was at a standstill, and in 
spite of the efforts of John Adams, who went as our first 
minister to England, the English government would do 
nothing to change the navigation laws which had made so 
much trouble. Indeed the English government looked 
with apparent satisfaction upon the commercial distress in 
America. Many English statesmen predicted a speedy 
falling apart of the Union, and the return of the states one 
by one to ask the protection of the mother country. 

There was no way in which the new nation could com- 
pel England to enter into fair commercial relations with 
her. She could not even make laws against British ships 

229 



230 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



and owners, as the British had dene against those of 
America. If any such laws were to be made, it would 
have to be done by each of the thirteen states, since Con- 
gress was given no jDOwer in regard to commercial affairs. 
1781- And there was little likelihood of the thirteen states 
1'^^^ agreeing upon the matter. They could not even agree in 
regard to commerce among themselves. Connecticut had 
laid a duty upon goods brought from Massachusetts, 





Spanish Coin. Fkench Coin. 

(lu use ill America during the Revolution.) 



Pennsylvania, on those from Delaware, while New York 
and Rhode Island were like greedy children, reaching out 
to seize whatever they could lay their hands on. 

The feeling between the various states-^grew more and 
more bitter, and the boundary disputes were waged more 
fiercely. Congress was powerless to settle any of the 
difficulties. It could not even collect the money necessary 
to pay the government expenses. Many of the states paid 
no attention to the calls of Congress for money, and when 
they did notice these demands it was almost impossible to 
collect taxes from the poverty stricken people. There was 



THE YEARS OF WEAKNESS 



231 



very little money in the countr}^, and that little was made 
lip of all sorts of coins, — English, German, Spanish, 
French, — making a confusion of values that was some- 
what distracting to an ordinary mind. Nor was this all. 
Many of the states, in the hope of bettering affairs, began 
issuing paper currency. Thus to the confusion of foreign 
coins, which had at least 
some value, was added that 
of half a dozen issues of 
paper money, which soon 
came to have no value at 
all. 

The country was in a 
sad state. The govern- 
ment, distrusted at home, 
despised abroad, was al- 
most worse than no gov- 
ernment. The people 
everywhere were in debt, 
and they grew daily more 
and more discontented. 
Finally a large body of Massachusetts farmers tried to i78i- 
lessen their troubles by rising against the state govern- ^'^^ 
ment. They banded together, with Daniel Shays, a 
Revolutionary captain, as their leader, and for six or 
seven months they marched about western Massachusetts, 
preventing the courts from meeting and plundering the 
country wherever they went. 

The whole nation became alarmed. What had hap- 




Alexander Hamii/ion. 



232 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



peued in Massachusetts was likely to happen in any of the 
states. Clearly the Confederation was not a success. 
Washington and Franklin urged that something be done 
to strengthen the national government before it should be 
too late. Two younger men, Alexander Hamilton of New 

York, and James 
Madison of Virginia, 
worked persistently 
toward the same end. 
Most of the states still 
opposed a strong cen- 
tral government, but 
it was evident that 
something must he 
done. 

Reluctantly, there- 
fore, all tlie states ex- 
cept Rhode Island sent 
delegates to Philadel- 
phia to devise means 
for improving the gov- 
ernment. These dele- 
gates made up what is 
known as tlie Federal 
1787 Convention, and the work this convention did gave us 
the foundation of our government to-day. If we would 
understand the years of progress and prosperity which 
came when the Federal Convention had done its work, 
and the states had taken the Constitution it devised as 




1^^^ 



THE YEARS OF WEAKNESS 233 

the law of the land, we must diligently study that Con- 
stitution, the corner stone of our national life. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The Articles of Confederation were not a success. 

2. Commerce with foreign nations was ahnost entirely stopped. 
Congress could of course do nothing to improve this state of affairs, 
and it seemed impossible for the states to agree on anything relat- 
ing to commercial matters. 

3. The states were jealous of one another, and made laws which 
destroyed domestic commerce. 

4. The people everywhere were poor and in debt. 'jNIoney was 
scarce, and taxes could not be collected. There was great distress. 

5. The issuing of paper money by Congress and by many of the 
states made things still worse. 

G. There was in Massachusetts a rebellion of poor people against 
the state government. It was feared tliat this might hajjpen in any 
or all of the states. 

7. The necessity of a new government was at last acknowledged 
1)y most of the people. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " George Washington," by Horace Scudder, pp. 219-225. 

2. "The Critical Period of American History," by John Fiske, 
pp. 108-112. 

3. " The Story of Massachusetts," by E. E. Hale, pp. 300-303. 

4. " Stories of the Old Bay State," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 1.56-165. 

5. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 182-190. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of Jinancial, planderiny, 'persisteutly, devise, 
critical. 



234 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

2. Discuss the questions : Why would the issue of paper money 
afford no real relief? Why should this time be called the 
" critical period " ? 

3. Prepare yourself to write clearly your opinion as to the reason 
for the failure of the Articles of Confederation. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

Part IV. The critical period. 

I. The Articles of Confederation. 

a. By whom planned. 

b. ^Vhen and by whom adopted. 

c. Faults. 

II. Troubles of Congress and people. 
a. Commercial. 

h. Financial. 



XXX 

BUILDING THE CONSTITUTION 

In May, 1787, the delegates to the Federal Convention its' 
assembled in Philadelphia, in the old Statehonse, where 
the Continental Congress had held its meetings. Once 
more the staid old Quaker city was to see the meeting of 
some of the country's greatest men. Once more the walls 
of " Independence Hall," as we call it now, were to ring 
with the discussion of great questions. For now, no less 
than in the days preceding the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, was America facing a crisis. The work to be done 
was serious work, and upon it was to rest the history of 
the future. vShould it be shameful history of civil war 
and anarchy, or the glorious story of a nation loved by her 
people and honored by the world ? 

The mem1iers having all, or nearly all, arrived, the con- 
vention was called to order, and Washington was elected 
its president. It was decided that the proceedings of the 
assemljly should be kept secret, that the delegates might 
be quite free from the restriction of public opinion in their 
various states. In September the work which had been 
done was made public and sent to the states for their con- 
sideration. Not until more than fifty years had passed did 

235 



236 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

the story of the discussions which led to this result come 
to the knowledge of the people. 

It will help us to understand the Constitution if we 
consider some of the questions its makers had to face and 
see how they met them. First of all, the Articles of Con- 
federation had been a compact between states, and all its 
laws had been made to operate upon states and not upon 
individuals. Here was one reason, and the greatest reason 
why Congress had been so powerless to carry out its 
decrees. Individuals who break the laws under which they 
live can be punished ; they can be fined or sent to prison. 
But wlio could imprison a state which refused to obey the 
law ? Or of what use would it be to fine a state when 
Congress had no power to make the state pay the fine ? 
The great minds of the nation began to see that the cen- 
tral government must somehow be empowered to make 
laws which should be binding upon individuals, regardless 
of the state in which they lived. If' this were true, then 
must not the central government, or at least the lawmak- 
ing part of it, be made up of representatives, not of the 
states, but of the people of the states as individuals ? So 
questioned the wise ones. 

But at this there was a storm of protest. What would 
become of the little states, plaintively asked their delegates, 
if such a plan were adopted ? What chance would Georgia, 
for instance, have in a Congress in which she would have 
but one representative, while Virginia would have sixteen ? 

But, came the reply, is it right to give the people of 
Georgia just as much power in the lawmaking body as is 



BUILDING THE CONSTITUTION 237 

given to the people of Virgina, who are sixteen times as 
many ? 

It was difficult work, however, to persuade the delegates 
from the smaller states that any fate except utter de- 
struction awaited these states in the proposed plan. Both 
sides grew excited and angry, and the convention came 
near being entirely broken up. At last, however, each 
side yielded a little to the other, and a compromise was 
made. By it came the present arrangement of the law- 
making part of our government. 

Congress, it was planned, should be made up of two 
houses. In one of these the members should represent the 
people of the country. That is, each state should be rep- 
resented according to the number of people in it. In the 
other liouse, the states, regardless of size, should have 
equal representation. It was a wise plan, and the dele- 
gates from the small states were willing to accept it. In- 
deed, we see no more antagonism between small states and 
large ones. 

A new subject of controversy soon arose, however. 
This was the question of slavery, and the feeling concern- 
ing it wliich we see arising in the convention was destined 
to grow in the years to come until it sliould become a dan- 
ger, threatening the very life of the nation. At this time, 
however, no one had any thought of such a state of affairs 
in the future. There were in 1787 some slaves in all the 
states except Massachusetts; but the number north of 
Maryland was small, and it was evident that slavery would 
sooner or later die out in all the Northern states. Neither 



238 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

the climate nor the iudustries of the people were suited to 
the use of slave labor. Indeed, it was believed by 
many people that slavery would disappear even in the 
South after a time. In 1787, however, the Southern states 
had many slaves, and when a question relating to slavery 
came up in the convention, the North and the South were 
naturally found on opposite sides of it, as they were always 
found as long as slavery endured. 

The first of these questions came when it had been de- 
cided that people and not states should be represented in 
the lower house of Congress. The number of people in a 
state would determine the number of representatives to 
which the state was entitled. The question immediately 
arose, What of the slaves ? Should they be counted in the 
number of people or not ? The Southern delegates were 
prompt in their reply that certainly slaves were people. 
The delegates from the North were equally prompt in their 
response that slaves were only property. Immediately 
discussion began, and it was long and bitter. As in 
the contest between large states and small, the matter 
was finally settled by a compromise. It was agreed 
that in counting the population of any state for the 
assignment of representatives, every five slaves should be 
counted as three persons added to the population. This, 
of course, was a partial triumph for the South, as it in- 
creased the number of their representatives ; and it helped 
to make the South powerful in Congress for all the years 
that slavery lasted. But since without this compromise it 
is doubtful whether the Constitution would ever have 



BUILDING THE CONSTITUTION 



239 



been adopted, the action of the convention was doubtless 
wise. 

Once more the slavery question came up, and once more 
a compromise was necessary to end the discussion. There 
were those in the convention as elsewhere who believed 
that slavery would sooner or later die out in all the states. 
There was a growing party in Virginia favoring its aboli- 
tion, and also in Maryland. And everywhere except in 
South Carolina and Georgia most people believed that the 
slave trade should be stopped. These two states wished 
it continued because the exhausting work in rice and in- 



^^&. 




A Rice Swamp. 






digo fields used up negroes very rapidly, and the planters 
depended upon frequent additions to their workers. When 
it was proposed in the convention to put a stop to the 
importation of slaves, the delegates from Georgia and 
South Carolina were firm in their refusal to consider the 
Constitution at all if such a measure was introduced. It 
would not do to go on without them. There were too 



240 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

many doubtful states alread3^ If these two should reject 
the Constitution, it was more than likely that it would 
never be adopted. 

What would have been done is difficult to guess had 
it not been that another question equally hard to settle 
presented itself, and a sort of " bargain," as one delegate 
called it, was made. This was the question of allowing 
Congress to regulate commerce. Tlie Southern delegates 
all opposed this strongly, and it was passed onl} when 
Georgia and South Carolina consented to vote for it on 
condition that the New England delegates should vote 
to prolong the slave trade for twenty years, which they 
accordingly did. 

We can see now how disastrous this extension of the 
slave trade became, because we can look back and see the 
wonderful inventions which came early in the new century 
to change the whole face of the slavery question. But in 
1787 the page of the new century had not been turned, 
and it was generally hoped and believed that the life of 
slavery in America would be short, and its end peaceful. 

These were the great struggles which made the law- 
making part of our government what it is. There were 
other but lesser discussions in reg-ard to the executive 
department, and that of the courts or judiciary. Should 
there be one executive or more than one ? This was a 
question which was much discussed, and in answer to 
which many strange plans were proposed. It was finally 
settled that tliere should be but one, that he should be 
elected by a bod}' of men expressly selected by the vari- 



BUILDING THE CONSTITUTION 241 

ous states for that purpose, that he should hold office for 
four years, and should be known as the President of the 
United States of America. 

In regard to the courts of the nation, the principal thing 
we need to notice is that to the highest or Supreme Court 
was intrusted the duty of explaining the Constitution and 
of deciding any doubtful points in regard to it that might 
arise. 

To pi'ovide a home for this threefold government, it was 
decided that a territory not more than ten miles square 
should be given to the nation. Here forever should be 
the seat of the national government, here should be the 
center of the great machinery of the nation's life. 

Thus the three departments of the government were 
planned, and the duties of each were outlined in the 
Constitution which was submitted to the states. The 
great work of the convention was done. It only remained 
to be seen what tlie states would do with that work. 

THINGS TO EEME:\IF.EK 

1. The Federal Convention met in 1787. 

2. It formed the Constitution by wliich we are now governed. 

3. There were three great compromises necessary to satisfy the 
delegates from the various states. 

I. The first of these was a question as to representation, — 
whether it should be equal for all states or in propor- 
tion to the number of people. It was settled by adoi)t- 
ing the idea of equal re})resentation in the upper house, 
while that of representation in proportion to popula- 
tion was decided upon for the lower house. 



242 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

II. A second controversy, — as to whether slaves should be 
counted in the population when assigning representa- 
tives was settled by allowing five slaves to count as much 
as three free men. 
III. A third compromise concerned the slave trade. It was 
to be permitted for the next twenty years after the 
formation of the Constitution, in return for which the 
Southern delegates withdrew their opposition to the con- 
trol of commerce by Congress. 

THINGS TO EEAD 

1. ''True Story of Franklin," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 211-229. 

2. " The Critical Period," by John Fiske, pp. 230-232, 226-228, 
301-305. 

3. " The War of Independence," by John Fiske, pp. 190-193. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of crisis, anarchy, restriction, comproinise, con- 
troversy, partial, abolition, indigo, executive, judiciary. 

2. Prepare yourself to tell clearly what is meant by our " three- 
fold government," and tell the function of each of its parts. 

3. Place the picture of Madison, who is often called the " Father 
of the Constitution," in your portfolio, also that of Hamilton. 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 

III. The Federal Convention. 

a. When and where it met, and what it did. 

b. General plan of the government it devised. 

c. How the faults of the Articles of Confederation were 

overcome. 



XXXI 

IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE 

The Federal Convention broke up, and its members set 1787 
out upon their homeward journeys. Eagerly the people 
awaited their coming that they might see the plan w^hich 
the convention had worked out, and concernmg which the 
members had as yet told nothing. 

We must remember that there were at this time no 
railroads to carry the members spinning across the coun- 
try to their homes; no telegraphs to flash the news of 
their work along the wires that very day to distant towns; 
no great newspaper printed by thousands on whirring 
presses to lay the text of the new Constitution next morn- 
ing on the breakfast table of each family throughout the 
land. 

Most of the members rode home on horseback, with the 
precious document it had taken all these months to form 
securely packed in their saddlebags or buttoned tightly 
in the inside pockets of their coats. First of all, as an act 
of courtesy, the Constitution must be formally submitted to 
Congress and before the legislatures of the states. Then 
it must be submitted, as had been planned, to conventions 
of the people, called in each state to accept or reject the 

243 



244 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



new government. If nine of the thirteen states should 
ratify it, the Constitution would become the law of the 
land, and the remaining four states might then accept it 
or remain out of the Union, as they chose. 

We have learned enough of the American people to 

know that there would be 
plenty of discussion of the 
new plan, and that not only 
the members of state legisla- 
tures and conventions, law- 
yers and other learned men 
would take part in it, but 
also that the plain people 
everywhere would talk it 
over in tavern and workshop, 
on village greens and in the 
streets of the towns. We 
are not surprised to learn 
that the people naturally 
divided into two great par- 
ties, — the Federalists, who 
believed in the Constitution and were puttring forth every 
effort to secure its adoption, and the anti-Federalists, who, 
as their name implies, took the opposite vside and fought 
vigorously against its acceptance. There were Federalists 
and anti-Federalists in every state, but in some states one 
party seemed stronger, and in some the other, while in 
still others they seemed so evenly balanced that it was 
hard to foretell the outcome. 




Man on Horseback (1787). 

(Showing saddlebags and costume of 
period.) 



IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE 245 

All through the winter and spring the discussion went 
on. Many and bitter were the objections raised by the 
anti-Federalists. What could be expected but tyranny 
from a government to which such unheard of powers were 
given, they asked. What would prevent Congress from 
overtaxing the people? How could the people, already 
overburdened with taxes, support an elaborate Federal gov- 
ernment ? What need was there for a territory ten miles 
square as a seat for this government ? Why would not 
one mile square be enough ? What was the matter with 
the old confederation anyway ? And who were the men 
who had planned this scheme ? Hamilton and Madison ? 
Only boys ! Franklin ? In his second childhood ! And 
as for Washington, — the mildest of the anti-Federalists 
said he might be a good general, but planning a govern- 
ment was not exactly in his line. Some of the violent 
ones went so far as to call him a " born fool." 

Meanwhile one by one the conventions of the people 
met in the various states, and one by one the news of 
their action became known throughout the country. Little 
Delaware led the way, ratifying the Constitution on 
December 6, 1787. Pennsylvania and New Jersey fol- 
lowed in the same month, while Georgia and Connecticut 
decided for it in the first month of the new year. Five 
states ! There was much rejoicing among the Federalists, 
but the anxious time was not yet passed. The Massa- 
chusetts convention met on January 9, the very day that 
Connecticut's name had been added to the list. What 
would the people of Massachusetts do with the Constitu- 



246 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



tion ? The Massachusetts delegates to the convention had 
been doubtful from the first. Would the people of the 
*' laud of the town meeting" consent to give so much 
power to a far-away national government ? Samuel 
Adams, the " Father of the Revolution," was known to be 
opposed to it, and his influence in Massachusetts was 
mighty. But Samuel Adams was a man great enough to 
learn and great enough to admit himself wrong; and 
when the vote was taken on the 6tli of February, he was 
among those who voted for the Constitution, which was 
ratified by a vote of 187 to 168. 

The Federalists rejoiced greatly over the result in Massa- 
chusetts, and when Maryland was added to the list in 
April, and South Carolina in May, but one state more was 




Celebration of the Adoption of the Constitution in New Yokk. 



IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE 247 

needed to make the nine. The Virginia convention met 
early in June. Once more the people awaited anxiously 
the news of its action, for Virginia, like Massachusetts, 
had been doubtful from the first, and like Massachusetts 
was too large and important to be left out of the Union. 
But, like Massachusetts again, the day was won for the 
Constitution by the narrow majority of 89 to 79. 

Meanwhile New Hampshire had reached a decision a 
few days previous to the action in Virginia. Ten states 
were now agreed. On the 4th of July, only a few 1788 
days later, the Federalists throughout the country cele- 
brated their victory by such rejoicings as America had 
never before seen. The people as a whole were wild with 
enthusiasm. The country was saved ! 

The three remaining states finally decided to come into 
the Union. In New York, where the anti-Federalists were 
especially strong, the ratification was largely due to the 
efforts of Hamilton, and took place soon after that of the 
other ten. North Carolina and Rhode Island were slower, 
remaining outside the Union until it was really estab- 
lished, and the first president had been in office some time. 
But they came at last, and the "thirteen original colonies" 
were banded together into one nation. 

The question, " What will the people do with the Con- 
stitution ? " is answered. The new question becomes, 
"What will the Constitution do for the people?" 



248 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. It was necessary for nine states to ratify the Constitution to 
make it the law of the land. 

2. The people were soon divided into two parties, — Federalists 
and anti-Federalists. 

3. Of these the Federalists proved the stronger, and the Constitu- 
tion was adopted. 

4. Rhode Island and North Carolina remained out of the Union 
until after the new government was in operation. Then they de- 
cided to join their sister states. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " The Critical Period," by John Fiske, pp. 324-331. 

2. "Stories of the Old Bay State," by E. S. Brooks, pp. 166-173. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the meaning of document, legislatures. 

2. Imagine yourself a member of the Federal Convention. Write 
the speech which you might make in presenting the proposed Con- 
stitution to the people of your state for their consideration. Re- 
member that as, yet they know nothing of the plan. 

3. Suppose that Rhode Island and North Carolina had never come 
into the Union. Would any disadvantages have come to them or to 
the other states from this action ? 

FOR YOUR NOTEBOOK 
IV. The adoption of the Constitution — when and how ? 



XXXII 



AFTERWORD 



It is a glorious day in the springtime, — the last day of Apr. 



80, 



April, 1789, The noon sun throws its most brilliant rays '^1:1 
upon the city of New York, the temporary seat of the new 



89 




(Wliere Washiugton was inaugurated.) 

American government. It is a gala day in the city. 
Crowds in holiday attire throng the streets. A sound of 
military music bursts upon the air, and a company of 
soldiers comes into sight, escorting the man whom tlie 
crowds are assembled to honor. It is the nation's hero; 

249 



250 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Washington, — he who carried the nation safely throngh 
the perils of war ; he who wisely counseled in the perils 
of these later years of weakness ; he who has been called 
by the people to lead them once more — to be the first to 
fill the honored chair which awaits the President of these 
United States. 

He comes ! and the crowds surge forward to give him 
greeting. Hats wave, handkerchiefs flutter, all eyes are 
turned toward the balcony, where he will presently apj)ear. 
A hush falls over the great company as he steps forth, 
older, surely, — grayer, perhaps, — but with the same fine, 
calm face, the same commanding presence, the same even 
tones, as he promises to " faithfully execute the office of 
the President of the United States," and to the best of 
his ability to " defend the Constitution." 

There let us leave him, standing before the people 
he has served so faithfully and so well. There let us 
leave the nation in the presence of its hero, the " Father 
of his Country," while the air rings with the shout, 
" Long live George Washington, President of the United 
States." 



OUTLINES FOR NOTEBOOK WORK 

(This outline is tlie same as that given at the ends of the various chapters, 
and is given here as a whole for tlie convenience of teachers and pupils, in tit- 
ting each part into the general plan.) 

Pakt I. Condition of affairs in Europe and America near the end 
of the seventeenth century. 
I. The English colonies. 
a. Government. 



Proprietary 



h. The people — their strongest traits. 
i\ Events which show one of these traits. 
II. NeviT France. 
(I. Government. 

b. The people — their pi'ominent traits. 
251 



252 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

Til. Comparison of the French and English colonies. 

English 



Position 

Climate 

Productions 

Motives in colonizing 

Attitude of home gov- 
ernment 

Character of people 

Occupations 

Government 

Eeligion — how it af- 
fected the people 

Intercourse with In- 
dians 

Military training 




IV. The mother. countries. 

a. Governments of France and England compared. 

b. Louis XIV's wars. 

1. The real reason for his iiudertaking them. 

2. Why England was always on the other side. 

Part II. The struggle between England and France in the Kew 
AVorld. 
I. The early wars. (King William's, Queen Anne's, King- 
George's.) ■ — 

a. Causes. 

b. Results. 

II. The last French war. 

a. Cause. (map) 

b. Important events. 

1. The building of Fort Duquesne. 

2. First bloodshed. 

3. General Braddock's coming to America. 
a. His plans. (map) 



OUTLINES FOR NOTEBOOK WORK 253 

b. His defeat — his death. 

c. Result. 

4. The removal of the Acadians. (map) 

5. The war becomes a European conflict. (map) 

6. English successes. 

7. Capture of Quebec. 

c. Peace. (map) 

The treaty. 

d. AVhy the victory of the English was important to the 

world. 

e. Why it was important to tlie English colonists. 
IIT. The historian of New France in the New World. 

Pakt III. The struggle for Independence. 
I. Cause. 
II. Events which led to the war. 

III. The war begun — the campaign around Boston. 

a. Lexington and Concord — April 17, 1775. (map) 

h. Bunker HiU. 

c. Expedition to Canada. 

(/. Evacuation of Boston by the British. 

IV. Independence. 

V. Campaign around New York. (map) 

a. Importance of New York to each side. 
h. What the British accomplished in the campaign, 
c. What the Americans accomplished. 
VI. The New Jersey campaign. (map) 

a. Washington's retreat — the British pursuit. 

b. Trenton. 

c. Princeton. 

d. Results. 

VII. The campaigns of 1777. (map) 

a. Burgoyne reaches Fort Edward. 

Victories — Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 
Delay and defeat — Bennington. 



254 A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 

h. St. Leger besieges Fort Stanwix — his force is scattered, 
(map) 

c. Howe's campaign around Philadelphia. 

d. Burgoyne's defeat — October, 1777. 
VIII. The winter at Valley Forge. 

IX. Money affairs. 
X. The French alliance. 

XI. The British in Philadelphia — their winter — why they 
left the city — battle of Monmouth. 
XII. Conquest of the Northwest. (map) 

XIII. War on the ocean. 

a. The American navy. 
h. Paul Jones. 

XIV. War in the South. 

a. Georgia conquered. 

h. Charleston taken, and the Southern army of the Ameri- 
cans captured. 

c. Gates utterly defeated at Camden. 

d. Greene's campaign. (map) 

1. Morgan's victory at the Cowpens. 

2. Greene and Cornwallis. 

e. Cornwallis in Virginia. 

/. Yorktown — the siege — the surrender. (map) 

XV. Peace. 

a. The treaty. 

h. Boundaries of the new nation. _(map) 

Part IV. The critical period. 

I. The Articles of Confederation. 
a. By whom planned. 
h. When and by whom adopted. 
c. Faults. 
II. Troubles of Congress and people. 
a. Commercial. 
h. Financial. 



OUTLINES FOR NOTEBOOK WORK 255 

III. The Federal Convention. 

a. When and where it met, and what it did. 

b. General plan of the government it devised. 

c. How the faults of the Articles of Confederation were 

overcome. 
IV. The adoption of the Constitution. 

Part V. A few of the historians of the period from 1763 to 1789. 



DIFFICULT WOKDS SELECTED FROM THE TEXT 



II 


adventurous 


Dinwiddie 


continual 


suitability 


civilization 


militia 


allegiance 


opportunities 


revelry 


perilous 


obstinate 




suppression 


rumors 


sympathy 


III 


V 


necessity 


rebellious 


communities 


especially 


reenf orcein ents 


heretics 


political 


avenge 


Acadia 


proprietary 

indignant 

resistance 


execution 
representatives 
Parliament 
determination 


bedrenched 
combatants 
fusillade 


peasants 
haggard 
desolation 


oppression 
accordingly 


Protestant 


revived 
ammunition 


European 
jealousies 


gallant 


VI 




Marquis 


accompaniment 


suspicion 


VIII 


Montcalm 


anticipated 


prejudices 


harmony 


attitude 


l)anquets 


Schenectady 


dilatory 




gorgeous 


squaw 


delegates 


X 


dignified 


overwhelmed 


scornfully 


management 




originated 


rejected ~ 


^ ability 


IV 


enthusiastic 


pretended 


Ticonderoga 


contrasts 
historian 


expedition 
contriver 


assurance 
frequent 


fortified 
citadel 


regiments 
generation 


conquests 
indignation 


cowardice 
dissolution 


summons 
fortress 


matrimonial 


O 




persuaded 


penalties 


VII 


IX 


equipped 


impulsive 


arguing 


discontented 


garrison 


authority 


Duquesne 


turmoil 
256 


anxiously 



DIFFICULT WORDS SELECTED FROM THE TEXT 257 



conquered 

Pontiac 

conspiracy 

undisputed 

possession 

XI 

colonization 

invincible 

armada 

gradual 

security 

proportion 

thrive 

obstinately 

XII 

quarrelsome 

grievances 

navigation 

commerce 

quantity 

protested 

smuggling 

permission 

writs 

assistance 

issued 

mortgages 

certificates 

almanacs 

representation 

taxation 

societies 

organized 

advocates 



behavior 

convention 

violence 

riots 

homespun 

represented 

declaration 

adjourned 

fiercely 

debated 

sympathized 

XIII 

majority 

devised 

Barre 

objected 

materials 

mob 

arguments 

discussions 

opinions 

violent 

resolved 

blunderers 

maintained 

actual 

reigns 

dissolve 

proposed 

troublesome 

assignment 

Leeds 

Birmingham 

boroxigh 

responsible 



XIV 

grievance 

determination 

disagreeable 

rebellious 

barracks 

Faneuil 

partial 

swagger 

passers-by 

insulting 

lobster 

citizens 

brilliant 

sentinel 

directions 

taunts 

clamor 

prostrate 

descended 

massacre 

oppressive 

patriot 

complimentary 

various 

responsibility 

XV 

levied 

fashionable 

confidently 

principal 

resign 

post-riders 

forcibly 

sisfnal 



uprising 

revenue 

seize 

permission 

preceding 

resolved 

flickering 

XVI 

prevented 

quartering 

extension 

submission 

merchandise 

contrary 

advocate 

actually 

continental 

indorse 

XVII 

preparations 

military 

enterprise 

enthusiasm 

information 

consisted 

opportunity 

secrecy 

stealthy 

disturbance 

Pitcairn 

occasional 

pursuers 

exhausted 

resumed 



258 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



l^rotection 


sentiment 


Hessians 


intention 


skirmish 


formerly 


Rahl 


inhuman 




appearance 


detachments 


Skenesboro 


XVIII 

volunteers 


attacked 


celebrating 


organizing 


approaching 


revelers 


communication 


semicircular 


concluded 


gayety 




prominent 


scows 


impassable 


XXII 


troublous 


description 


carousals 


recruited 


convinced 


provisions 


festivities 


Nicholas 


veneration 


embarking 


skirmishing 


Herkimer 


existence 


besieging 


comfortably 


invaders 


unanimously 


masterpieces 


sentinels 


relatives 


acceptance 


apparently 


intrenchments 


accused 


momentous 


XX 


leisurely 


absorbed 


sincerity 

Burgoyne 

undisciplined 


disaster 
profound 

1 • 1 


immediately 

pursuit 

contracted 


issuing 

victorious 

remnant 


astonishment 
dislodging 


discouragement 
enlistment 


effacement 


XXIII 


route 


expired 


XXI 


interfere 


jubilant 


induced 


supposed 


implored 


Nathanael 


prevent 


practically 


consented 


uneventful 


Cornwallis 


campaign 


Saratoga 


realized 


daunted 


executed 


vigor 


Montgomery 


dwindle 


distinct 


furious 


adv^entures 


plottings 


St. Leger 




nevertheless 


disobedience 


Stanwix — 


XXIV 




pretended 


transferred 


purchase 


XIX 


positive 


invasion 


serious 


probably 


patience 


triple 


recommend 


previous 


tavern 


Schuyler 


certainty 


committees 


scouts 


frontier 


promissory 


hesitating 


allegiance 


equipped 


currency 


instructed 


inspire 


allies 


management 


decision 


confidence 


yawning 


incompetent 


announce 


consisted 


elated 


influence 



DIFFICULT WORDS SELECTED FROM THE TEXT 259 



rectify 

ambition 

alliance 

Monmouth 

treacherous 

generous 

disastrous 

Lafa5^ette 

reprimanded 

rallying 

Steuben 

XXV 

abandoned 

proposal 

commissioners 

commercial 

destructive 

occupants 

exhaust 

civilized 

definite 

sufficient 

conquest 

laurels 

genius 

notions 

Marion 

picturesque 

Sumter 

numerous 

confusion 

admiration 

perseverance 

ancient 

persuaded 



antagonists 
humiliating 
critical 
supported 
manned 
ill-assorted 
cruisers 
occurred 
Bonhomme 
Eichard 
Malays 
Serapis 
collided 
desperate 
encoimter 
perseverance 

XXVI 

Rochambeau 

stupidity 

treachery 

ti*aitors 

dissatisfied 

assured 

approbation 

disfavor 

deliberately 

betray 

Andre 

swoon 

despised 

miserable 

epaulets 

inexorable 

foundation 

renowned 



cavalry 

luring 

eluding 

abandoned 

exasperated 

hazardous 

achievement 

destination 

XXVII 

distressing 

revolt 

creating 

havoc 

vain 

asserted 

knaves 

reasonably 

XXVIIl 

harmonious 

recognized 

submitted 

approval 

warring 

confederation 

ratified 

league 

sovereign 

regulate 

exercised 

proportion 

amended 

adoption 

XXIX 

comparison 



financial 
predicted 

overty 
stricken 
distracting 
ordinary 
distrusted 
discontented 
Alexander 
persistently 
evident 
reluctantly 
devise 
prosperity 
constitution 

XXX 

federal 

crisis 

anarchy 

restriction 

consideration 

operate 

individuals 

compact 

empowered 

plaintively 

persuade 

destruction 

compromise 

arrangement 

antagonism 

controversy 

destined 

evident 

naturally 



260 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



endured 


judiciary 


federalists 


population 


executive 


anti-federalists 


assignment 


supreme 


implies 


abolition 


provide 


vigorously 


exhausting 




tyranny 


indigo 


XXXI 


elaborate 


importation 


whirring 


majority 


bargain 


precious 


celebrated 


regulate 


document 


ratification 


extension 


legislatures 


overburdened 


inventions 


reject 


formally 



xxxri 

temporary 

attire 

escorting 

counseled 

balcony 

presence 

execute 

ability 



II 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN 
ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN AMERICA 

1689-1697. King William's War. 

1690. Port Royal taken by the English. 

1697. The treaty gave Port Royal back to France. 

1701. The French began to occupy the Mississippi Valley. 

1702-1713. Queen Anne's War. 

1710. Port Royal again taken. 

1713. The treaty gave Acadia to England, and acknowledged the 
English claim to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. 

1744-1748. King George's War. 

1745. Louisburg taken by the English. 

1748. The treaty gave Louisburg back to France. 

1748. The Ohio company formed. 

1753. The French fortified the Alleghany Valley. 

1754. The Albany convention — Franklin's plan of union. 
1754-1763. Last French war. 

1754. Ft. Duquesne built — Washington defeated. 

1755. Braddock's defeat. 

The removal of the Acadians. 

1758. Louisburg taken by the English. 

Ft. Duquesne taken by the English. 

1759. Fts. Niagara and Ticonderoga taken by the English. 

Quebec captured. 

1760. Montreal captured. 

1763. The treaty put an end to French rule in America. 



261 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF THE STRUGGLE FOR INDE- 
PENDENCE AND THE CRITICAL PERIOD 



Acts of tub English 
Government 


PoLiTiOAi, Acts of American 
Leaders 


Military Events 


1645-1733. 


Navigation 
Acts. 










1761. 


Writs of Assist- 
ance. 










1765. 


Stamp Act 
passed. 




1765. 


Stamp Act Con- 
gress. 




1766. 


Stamp Act 
repealed. 










1767. 


New Taxation 
Acts. 










1768. 


Troops sent to 
Boston . 










1770. 


Troops r e- 
moved from 
Boston after 
the Boston 
massacre. 














1772 


-1773. 


Committees of 
Correspond- 
ence organ- 
ized. 




1773. 


Taxes removed, 
except on tea. 




1773. 


Boston Tea 
Party. 




1774. 


"Five Intoler- 
able Acts " 
passed. 




1774. 


First Continen- 
tal Congress. 




1775. 


Call for troops 




1775. 


Second Conti- 


1775-1783. The War of the 




to "put down 






nental Con- 


Revolution. 




the rebellion 






gress. 






in America." 








1775 (April lit)- War be- 
gun at Lexing- 
ton and Con- 
cord . 
(May 10). Ticonde- 
roga captured. 
1775-1776. War around Bos- 












ton. 



262 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART 



263 



Acts of the English 
Government 


Acts of Congress 


Military Events 




1775 (June). Conti- 


1775 (June 17). Battle 




nental army 


of Bunker Hill. 




established, 






and Wash- 






ington made 






commander. 




1776. Hessian sol- 




1776 (March). British 


diers hired. 




left Boston. 
1776-1777. War in New 
York and New 
Jersey. 




1776 (June). Commit- 


1776 (June). British ar- 




tee appointed 


rived in New 




to draw up 


York. 




Articles of 






Confedera- 






tion. 






1776 (July 4). Decla- 






ration of In- 






dependence. 


1776 (August). Battle 
of Long Island. 

177G (September). 
Washington 
left New York 
City. 

1776 (October). Wash- 
ington crossed 
the Hudson. 

1776 (December 26). 

Capture of 
Trenton. 

1777 (January). Battle 

of Princeton. 




1777 (June 14). "Stars 


1777. Second New York 




and Stripes " 


campaign. 




adopted. 


1777 (July). Burgoyne 
captured Ti- 
conderoga. 

(August). Herki- 
mer defeated. 

(August). St. 
Leger's force 
scattered. 

(August). Battle 
of Bennington. 




1777. Articles of Con- 


(October). Battle 




federation 


of Stillwater. 




adopted. 


(October 17). Bat- 
tle of Saratoga 
andBurgoj'iie's 
surrender. 



264 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Acts of tub English 
Government 


Acts 


OF Congress 


Military Events 








1777 


-1778. Campaign around 
Philadelphia. 

1777 (August). Howe 
landed at head 
of Chesapeake 
Bay. 

1777 (September). Bat- 
tle of the 
Brandywine. 

1777 (September). Howe 
entered Phila- 
delphia. 

1777 (October). Battle of 
German town. 

1777 (December). Wash- 
ington took his 
army to Valley 
Forge. 




1778 


(February). 
French alli- 
ance a r - 
ranged. 






1778. Peace commis- 


1778. 


Refused to treat 




1778 (June). British left 


sioners sent 




with peace 




Philadelphia. 


to America — 




commission- 






their offers 




ers unless 






rejected. 




independence 
was acknowl- 
edged. 




1778 (June). Battle of 
Monmouth. 








1778-1779. Conquest of the 










Northwest. 








1778 


-1781. War in the South. 

1778 (December). Brit- 
ish took Savan- 
nah. 

1780 (May). British took 
— . Charleston. 

1780 (August). Gates 
defeated at 
Camden. 

1780 (October) . Fergu- 
son defeated at 
King's Mt. 




1781. 


Articles of Con- 
federation 
adopted by 
the states. 




1781 (January). Mor- 
gan victorious 
at the Cow- 
pens. 

1781 (Jan nary to March) . 
GreeneledCorn- 
w a 1 1 i s into 
North Caro- 
lina. 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART 



265 



Acts of the English 
Government 


Acts 


OF Congress 


Military Events 


1782. Peace negotia- 






1781 (October). Corn- 


tions begun. 






wallis surren- 
dered. 


1783. Treaty .signed. 


1783. 


Treaty with 


1783, British left New 






England 


York. 






.signed. 






Events 


OF Critical 






Period 






17S(>. 


Sliays's Rebel- 
lion. 






1787. 


Federal Con- 
vention. 






1788. 


Constitution 
adopted. 






17S<.t. 


Washington in- 
augurated as 
tirst Presi- 
dent. 





Title 

American Fights and 

Fighters 
American Leaders and 

Heroes 
American Revolution 

(The) 
Boston Tea Party (The) 
Boys of 76 
Burgoyne's Invasion 
Campaign of Trenton 
Camps and Firesides of 

the Revolution 
Children's History Book 

(The) 
Children's Stories of 

American Scientists 
Colonial Children 
Critical Period of Ameri- 
can History (The) 
Evanaeline 



BOOK LIST 






Author 


Publisher 


Price 


C. W. Brady 


McClure, Phillips 
&Co. 




W. F. Gordy 


Chas. Scribner's Sons 


,f .60 


John Fiske 


Houghton, Mifflin 
&Co. 


4.00 


Henry Watson 


Lee & Shepard 


..30 


C. C. Coffin 


Harper & Bros. 


2.00 


S. A. Drake 


Lee & Shepard 


.50 


S. A. Drake 


Lee & Shepard 


.50 


A. B. Hart 


The Macmillan Co. 
D. Lothrop & Co. 




— Wright 


Chas. Scribner's Sons 


L25 



A. B. Hart 

John Fiske 

H. W. Lonofellow 



Famous American States- S. K. Bolton 

men 
Four American Naval M. Beebe 

Heroes 
From Colony to Common- N. M. Tiffany 

wealth 
George Washington E. E. Hale 

George Washington Horace Scudder 

260 



The Macmillan Co. 
Houghton, Mifflin 2.00 

& Co. 
Houghton, Mifflin 

&Co. 
C rowel 1 & Co. L50 

Werner School Book 

Co. 
Ginn & Co. .70 

G. P. Putnam's Sons 
Houghton, Mifflin .40 

& Co. 



BOOK LIST 



267 



Title 
Grandfather's Chair 

Great Grandmother's Girls 

in jSTew France 
Great Treason (A) 
Half Century of Conflict 

Hero Tales from American 

History 
Hero of Cowpens 
Home Life in Colonial 

Days 
In the Valley 
Men and Manners a 

Hundred Years Ago 
Montcalm and Wolfe 
Old South Leaflets 



Old Times in the Colonies 
Our Country's Flag 
Patriot Schoolmaster 

(The) 
Paul and Persis 
Paul Jones 
(The) Printer Boy 
Source Book of American 

History 
Stepping Stones to 

Literature 
Stories of New France. 

Stories of New Jersey 
Stories of the Old Bay 

State 
Stories of the Old 

Dominion 



Author 

Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne 
E. W. Champney 

M. A. M. Hoppus 
Francis Parkmau 

Lodge and Roose- 
velt 
— McConkey 
Alice Morse Earle 

Harold Frederic 
Horace Scudder 

Francis Parkinan 



C. C. Coffin 
E. S. Holdeu 
Hezekiah Butter- 
worth 
Mary Brush 
M. E. Seawell 
— Thayer 
A. B. Hart 



Publisher 



Price 



Houghton, Mifflin | .50 

&Co. 



The Macmillan Co. 1.50 

Little, Brown & Co. 3.00 

The Century Co. L50 



The Macmillan Co. 2.50 

Chas. Scribner's Sons 1.50 



Little, Brown & Co. 
Directors of Old South 

Work, Old South 

Meetinghouse, 

Boston 
Harper & Bros. 
I). Appleton & Co. 
D. Appleton & Co. 

Lee & Shepard 
D. Appleton & Co. 



The Macmillan Co. 
Arnold and Gilbert Silver, Burdett & Co. 
D. Lothrop & Co. 



Machar and Mar 

quis 
F. R. Stockton 
E. S. Brooks 

J. E. Cooke 



American Book Co. 
American Book Co. 

American Book Co. 



3.00 

.05 

each 



2.00 

.75 

1.50 

1.00 
1.00 

.60 

.60 

1..50 

.60 
.60 

.60 



268 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Title 

Story of ISIassachiisetts 
Story of the Revolution 

(The) 
Taking of Louisburg 

(The) 
Thankful Blossom 

True Story of Franklin 
True Story of Lafayette 
True Story of the United 

States 
Two Spies 
War of Independence 

(The) 
White Aprons 
With Wolfe in Canada 



Author Publisher Price 

E. E. Hale D. Lothrop & Co. $1.50 
Henry Cabot Lodge Chas. Scribner's Sons 6.00 

S. A. Drake Lee & Shepard .50 

Bret Harte Houghton, Mifflin LOO 

& Co. 

E. S. Brooks D. Lothrop & Co. 1.50 

E. S. Brooks D. Lothrop & Co. 1.50 

E. S. Brooks D. Lothrop & Co. 1.50 

Benjamin Lossing D. Appletou i<: Co. 2.00 



John Fiske 

Maude Goodwin 
G. A. Henty 



Houghton, Mifflin .40 

& Co. 

Little, Brown & Co. 1.25 

Chas. Scribner's Sons 1.50 



PICTURE LIST 

Below is given a list of the pictures suggested for use in connection with 
the study planned in this book, together with the name of the publishers 
of the same, and the catalogue numbers of the pictures. The list is not 
exhaustive, but may prove helpful in its suggestions. 



Portraits 

Samuel Adams 
John Fiske 
Benjamin Franklin 

Alexander Hamilton 
John Hancock 
John Jay 
Thomas Jefferson 
Marquis de Lafayette 

James Madison 
Francis Parkman 
Georse Washington 



Publisher 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 
also Cosmos Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 
also Cosmos Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 

Perry Pictures Co. 
also Cosmos Pictures Co. 



Catalogue Number 

111 
2503 

110 
• 1993 

121 

115 

117 

IIG 

142 
1942 

118 
2504 

112 
1165; 1167; 1275 



Pictures of Places, and Copies of 
Paintings of Historic Scenes 

Battle of Bunker Hill (Trumbull) 
Battle of Lexington 
Battle of Princeton (Trumbull) 
Boston INIassacre 
Bunker Hill IMonument 
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia 
Charter Oak, Hartford, Conn. 
Clark House, Lexington 

269 



Publisher 

Perry Pictures Co. 
Perry Pictures Co. 
Perry Pictures Co, 
Perry Pictures Co. 
Perry Pictures Co. 
Cosmos Pictures Co. 
Perry Pictures Co. 
Perry Pictures Co. 



Catalogue 
Number 

1885 

1363 

1386 

1384 C 

1384 

2860 

1353 

1365 



270 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Pictures of Places, and Copies of 
Paintings of Historic Scenes 

Colonel Prescott Monument 
Concord Minuteman 

Concord Bridge and River 
Concord Bridge and Minuteman 
Concord Monument, Bridge, and 
Minuteman 



also 



Faneuil Hall, Boston 

Franklin's Birthplace 
Franklin's Old Printing Press 
Houses of Parliament 

Independence Hall 



also 



also 



also 

also 

also 



Lexington Green 
Lexington Green and Bowlder 
Lexington Monument 
Liberty Bell 

Old North Church, Boston 
Old South Church, Boston 
Old Statehouse 
Ruins of Crown Point 
Ruins of Ticonderoga 
Signing of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence (Trumbull) 

Surrender of Burgoyne (Trumlnill) 
Surrender of Cornwallis (Trumbull) 
Washington Elm 

Washington crossing the Delaware 
(Leutze) 



also 



also 



Washington at Trenton 

Washington resigning his Commission 



Publisher 


Catalogue 
Number 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1384 B 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1.367 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


18.59 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1868 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1370 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1369 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


2447" 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1376 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


2432 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1417 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1418 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1481 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


2477 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


2301 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1389 B 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


2327 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1362 


Perry. Pictures Co. 


1362 B 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1364 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1389 C 


Perry Pictures Co. 


13.57 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1377 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1378 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1390 


Peri-y Pictures Co. 


1391 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1389 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


1170 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1387 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1388 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1412 


Perry Pictures Co. 


1414 


Cosmos Pictures Co. 


996 


l^erry Pictures Co. 


141.5 


Perr}' Pictures Co. 


1416 C 



a 



INDEX 



Acadia, 41, 60. 

Acadians, expulsion of, 61-63. 

Acts of Parliament (see Navigation 

Acts, Stamp Act, etc.). 
Adams, John, 112, 143, 222. 
Adams, Samuel, 98, 117, 119, 121, 246. 
Albany Convention, 54. 
"Albany Plan," 54. 
Allen, Ethan, 131. 
Andre, Major, 208, 209. 
Andros, Sir Edmund, 10-12. 
Anti-Eederalists, 244. 
Arnold, Benedict, joined patriot army, 

129 ; led expedition to Quebec, 137 ; 

relieved Fort Stanwix, 171, 174 ; at 

Saratoga, 178, 179; his treason, 

200, 20^9. 
Articles of Confederation, 226-228. 

Bacon's Kebellion, 10. 

Bennington, 169. 

Berkeley, Governor, 10. 

Boston, Writs of Assistance in, 81 ; 
soldiers quartered in, 94 ; Massacre, 
90-98 ; Tea Party, 101-106, 108 ; 
Port Bill, 109, 110; siege of, 129, 
132-138 ; evacuation of, by British, 
138. 

Boundary between English colonies 
and Canada, 33, 42, 46, 73. 

Braddock's defeat, 55-58. 

Breed's Hill, 132. 

Blinker Hill, 132. 

Burgoyne's campaign, 164-179. 



Canada, attack on, in Revolution, 137. 

Charleston, 193, 194. 

Charlestown, 135. 

Clark, George Rogers, 197-198, 

Clinton, Sir Henry, made commander 
of British, 188 ; retreated from 
Philadelphia, 188 ; in the South, 
194. 

Colonies, English, growth of, 8 ; gov- 
ernment, 9 ; life in, 12-16 ; troubles 
with governors, 9-12. 

Colonies, French, life in, 20-24. 

Compromises of the Constitution, 236- 
240. 

Concord, 118, 122. 

Congress, Albany, 54 ; Stamp Act, 85 ; 
First Continental, 111, 112 ; Second 
Continental, 129-132 ; passed Dec- 
laration of Independence, 141-144 ; 
money affairs, 182-134 ; responsible 
for Valley Forge, 185, 186. 

Constitution, drawn up, 235-241 ; sub- 
mitted to states, 243-245 ; ratified 
by states, 245-247. 

Continental currency, 182-184. 

Cornwallis, in New Jersey, 154, 1-59- 
161 ; in South Carolina, 196 ; in 
North Carolina and at Yorktown, 
212-218. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 28. 

Dawes, William. 119-121. 
Declaration of Independence, 141-144. 
Declaration of Rights, 85, 112. 



271 



272 



A HUNDRED YEARS OF WARFARE 



Deerfield, 38-40. 
Dorchester Heights, 137. 

England in the seventeenth century, 

27. 
Exports, colonial, 79, 80. 

Faneuil Hall, 95. 

Federal Convention, 232, 235-241. 

Federalists, 244. 

First Continental Congress, 111, 112. 

Flags, colonial, pictures of, 170-174 ; 
first American, 174. 

Fort Duquesne, 49 ; Necessity, 49, 50 ; 
Stanwix, 164, 170-174 ; Ticonde- 
roga, 67, 131, 164, 165. 

France, struggle of, with England for 
America, 33-70 ; colonies of, 20-24 ; 
aid of, to America in Revolution, 
186, 187. 

Franklin, at Albany Convention, 54 ; 
discouraged Louisburg expedition, 
43 ; in Second Continental Con- 
gress, 129, 130 ; obtained aid from 
France, 186, 187 ; helped make 
treaty with England, 222 ; helped 
frame the Constitution, 232, 245. 

French alliance in Revolution, 186, 
187 ; colonies, life in, 20-24 ; forts, 
47, 48 ; and Indian War, 46-77 

Gage, General, 113-117, 129. 

Gates, General, at Saratoga, 178 ; in 

the South, 195. 
George III, 90, 91 , 92, 102, 221 . 
Government, in English Colonies, 9 ; in 

French colonies, 20-24. 
Green Mountain Boys, 131. 
Greene, General, 210-212. 

Hale, Nathan, 150. 
Hamilton, Alexander, 232, 245, 247. 
Hancock, John, 117, 119, 121. 
Henry, Patrick, 111, 112, 186. 
Herkimer, General, 171-174. 



Howe, General, arrival at Boston, 132 ; 
evacuation of Boston, 137 ; in New 
York, 147, 148-151 ; in New Jersey, 
154, 163; in Pennsylvania, 176-178 ; 
resigned, 187. 

Hudson, British attempts to control, 
141-151, 163-179. 

Independence, Declai'ation of , 141-144. 
Independence Hall, 142, 235. 
Intolerable Acts, 108, 109. 

James II of England, 11, 28. 
Jay, John, 112, 222. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 143, 186. 
Jones, Paul, 199-203. 

King's Mountain, 196. 

Lafayette, 185, 189, 210, 213, 214. 
Lee. Charles, disobedience in New 

Jersey, 154-155 ; at Monmouth, 

189. 
Lee, "Light-Horse Harry," 210. 
Leisler, Jacob, 11. 
Lexington, 118-122. 
Liberty bell, picture of, 144. 
Long Island, battle of, 148. 
Lords of Trade, 79. 
Louis XIV, 29, 30 ; government of 

Canada, 20-23. 
Louisburg, 42-44. 

Madison, James7^32, 245. 
Marion, Francis, 195, 196. 
Minutemen, 116, 119, 126. 
Monmouth, 188. 
Montcalm, General, 64, 69. 
Montgomery, General, 137. 
Morgan, General, 210, 211-212. 
Morris, Robert, 183. 
Morristown, 161. 

Naval battles, 198-203. 
Navigation Acts, 78-81. 



INDEX 



273 



New Jersey, Washington's reti'eat 

across, 153. 
New York, taken by the British, 147- 

151 ; Washington inaugurated in, 

249. 
Nicholson, Francis, 11, 12. 
North, Lord, 102, 108, 192. 

Ohio Company, 46. 

Ohio Valley, 35 ; maps, 36, 37, 46-50. 

Old North Church, picture of, 120. 

Old South Church, 99, 104. 

Otis, James, 81. 

Philadelphia, British in, 188. 
Pitt, William, 66, (i7, 70, 85, 88. 
Political parties during the Revolution, 

89. 
Pontiac's conspiracy, 69, 70. 
Prescott, Colonel, 132, 133. 
Princeton, 1.59-161. 

Quebec, taken by Wolfe in last French 
War, 66-69 ; in Revolution, 137. 

Representation and taxation, 82, 91. 
Revere, Paul, 119-121. 
Rochambeau, 206, 213. 

St. Leger, 164, 171-174. 

Salem witchcraft, 116. 

Schuyler, General, 165, 166-167. 

Seven Years' War, 63, 70. 

Shays's Rebellion, 231. 

Slavery in the Constitution, 237. 

Smuggling by colonists, 81. 

Sons of Liberty, 118. 

South Carolina, war in, 194-196, 211- 

212. 
Spain receives Louisiana, 73, 76. 



Stamp Act, 82 ; colonists protest 
against, 82, 83 ; Congress, 85 ; 
repealed, 86. 

Steuben, Baron, 187. 

Taxation and representation, 82, 91. 
Taxation of colonies by England, 82- 

86, 88-90, 100-103 ; resistance of 

colonies to, 82, 83, 89, 103-106. 
Tea Party, Boston, 101-106. 
Ticonderoga, 67, 131, 164, 165. 
Treaty between England and France 

(1763), 73 ; between England and 

United States, 223. 

Valley Forge, 184-186. 

War in the South, 193-197. 

Washington, sent to French fort, 47 ; 
built P'ort Necessity, 49 ; defeated 
at Fort Necessity, 50 ; with Brad- 
dock, .55-58 ; in First Continental 
Congress, 112; made commander- 
in-chief, 131 ; took command of 
army, 1.36 ; fortified Dorchester 
Heights, 137 ; at New York, 147- 
151 ; retreated across New Jersey, 
152; captured Trenton, 1-56-159; 
victory at Princeton, 159-161 ; cam- 
paign around Philadelphia, 176-178 ; 
at Valley Forge, 184-187 ; at Mon- 
mouth, 188 ; at Yorktown, 213-218 ; 
at Federal Convention, 232, 235 ; 
inaugurated as President, 249. 

West Point, 207, 208. 

Wolfe, General, 67-69. 

Writs of Assistance, 81. 

Yorktown, 213-218. 



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